The bioavailability of red ginseng extract fermented by Phellinus linteus

For the improvement of ginsenoside bioavailability, the ginsenosides of fermented red ginseng by Phellinus linteus (FRG) were examined with respect to bioavailability and physiological activity. The polyphenol content of FRG (19.14±0.50 mg/g) was significantly higher (p<0.05) compared with that o...

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Main Authors:	Ryu, Jae Sik, Lee, Hyun Jung, Bae, Song Hwan, Kim, Sun Young, Park, Yooheon, Suh, Hyung Joo, Jeong, Yoon Hwa
Format:	Online
Language:	English
Published:	The Korean Society of Ginseng 2013
Online Access:	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3659629/

id	pubmed-3659629
recordtype	oai_dc
spelling	pubmed-36596292013-05-28 The bioavailability of red ginseng extract fermented by Phellinus linteus Ryu, Jae Sik Lee, Hyun Jung Bae, Song Hwan Kim, Sun Young Park, Yooheon Suh, Hyung Joo Jeong, Yoon Hwa Articles For the improvement of ginsenoside bioavailability, the ginsenosides of fermented red ginseng by Phellinus linteus (FRG) were examined with respect to bioavailability and physiological activity. The polyphenol content of FRG (19.14±0.50 mg/g) was significantly higher (p<0.05) compared with that of non-fermented red ginseng (NFRG, 11.31±1.15 mg/g). The antioxidant activities in FRG, such as 2,2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid, and ferric reducing antioxidant power, were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those in NFRG. The HPLC analysis results showed that the FRG had a high level of ginsenoside metabolites. The total ginsenoside contents in NFRG and FRG were 41.65±1.53 mg/g and 50.12±1.43 mg/g, respectively. However, FRG had a significantly higher content (33.90±0.97 mg/g) of ginsenoside metabolites (Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, compound K, Rh1, F2, and Rg2) compared with NFRG (14.75±0.46 mg/g). The skin permeability of FRG was higher than that of NFRG using Franz diffusion cell models. In particular, after 3 h, the skin permeability of FRG was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of NFRG. Using a rat everted intestinal sac model, FRG showed a high transport level compared with NFRG after 1 h. FRG had dramatically improved bioavailability compared with NFRG as indicated by skin permeation and intestinal permeability. The significantly greater bioavailability of FRG may have been due to the transformation of its ginsenosides by fermentation to more easily absorbable forms (ginsenoside metabolites). The Korean Society of Ginseng 2013-03 /pmc/articles/PMC3659629/ /pubmed/23717164 http://dx.doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2013.37.108 Text en Copyright ©2013, The Korean Society of Ginseng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
repository_type	Open Access Journal
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	US National Center for Biotechnology Information
building	NCBI PubMed
collection	Online Access
language	English
format	Online
author	Ryu, Jae Sik Lee, Hyun Jung Bae, Song Hwan Kim, Sun Young Park, Yooheon Suh, Hyung Joo Jeong, Yoon Hwa
spellingShingle	Ryu, Jae Sik Lee, Hyun Jung Bae, Song Hwan Kim, Sun Young Park, Yooheon Suh, Hyung Joo Jeong, Yoon Hwa The bioavailability of red ginseng extract fermented by Phellinus linteus
author_facet	Ryu, Jae Sik Lee, Hyun Jung Bae, Song Hwan Kim, Sun Young Park, Yooheon Suh, Hyung Joo Jeong, Yoon Hwa
author_sort	Ryu, Jae Sik
title	The bioavailability of red ginseng extract fermented by Phellinus linteus
title_short	The bioavailability of red ginseng extract fermented by Phellinus linteus
title_full	The bioavailability of red ginseng extract fermented by Phellinus linteus
title_fullStr	The bioavailability of red ginseng extract fermented by Phellinus linteus
title_full_unstemmed	The bioavailability of red ginseng extract fermented by Phellinus linteus
title_sort	bioavailability of red ginseng extract fermented by phellinus linteus
description	For the improvement of ginsenoside bioavailability, the ginsenosides of fermented red ginseng by Phellinus linteus (FRG) were examined with respect to bioavailability and physiological activity. The polyphenol content of FRG (19.14±0.50 mg/g) was significantly higher (p<0.05) compared with that of non-fermented red ginseng (NFRG, 11.31±1.15 mg/g). The antioxidant activities in FRG, such as 2,2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid, and ferric reducing antioxidant power, were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those in NFRG. The HPLC analysis results showed that the FRG had a high level of ginsenoside metabolites. The total ginsenoside contents in NFRG and FRG were 41.65±1.53 mg/g and 50.12±1.43 mg/g, respectively. However, FRG had a significantly higher content (33.90±0.97 mg/g) of ginsenoside metabolites (Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, compound K, Rh1, F2, and Rg2) compared with NFRG (14.75±0.46 mg/g). The skin permeability of FRG was higher than that of NFRG using Franz diffusion cell models. In particular, after 3 h, the skin permeability of FRG was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of NFRG. Using a rat everted intestinal sac model, FRG showed a high transport level compared with NFRG after 1 h. FRG had dramatically improved bioavailability compared with NFRG as indicated by skin permeation and intestinal permeability. The significantly greater bioavailability of FRG may have been due to the transformation of its ginsenosides by fermentation to more easily absorbable forms (ginsenoside metabolites).
publisher	The Korean Society of Ginseng
publishDate	2013
url	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3659629/
_version_	1611979669264924672

The bioavailability of red ginseng extract fermented by Phellinus linteus

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