Polyketides, Toxins and Pigments in Penicillium marneffei

Penicillium marneffei (synonym: Talaromyces marneffei) is the most important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus in China and Southeastern Asia. The HIV/AIDS pandemic, particularly in China and other Southeast Asian countries, has led to the emergence of P. marneffei infection as an important AIDS...

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Main Authors:	Tam, Emily W. T., Tsang, Chi-Ching, Lau, Susanna K. P., Woo, Patrick C. Y.
Format:	Online
Language:	English
Published:	MDPI 2015
Online Access:	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4663511/

id	pubmed-4663511
recordtype	oai_dc
spelling	pubmed-46635112015-12-10 Polyketides, Toxins and Pigments in Penicillium marneffei Tam, Emily W. T. Tsang, Chi-Ching Lau, Susanna K. P. Woo, Patrick C. Y. Review Penicillium marneffei (synonym: Talaromyces marneffei) is the most important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus in China and Southeastern Asia. The HIV/AIDS pandemic, particularly in China and other Southeast Asian countries, has led to the emergence of P. marneffei infection as an important AIDS-defining condition. Recently, we published the genome sequence of P. marneffei. In the P. marneffei genome, 23 polyketide synthase genes and two polyketide synthase-non-ribosomal peptide synthase hybrid genes were identified. This number is much higher than those of Coccidioides immitis and Histoplasma capsulatum, important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungi in the Western world. Phylogenetically, these polyketide synthase genes were distributed evenly with their counterparts found in Aspergillus species and other fungi, suggesting that polyketide synthases in P. marneffei did not diverge from lineage-specific gene duplication through a recent expansion. Gene knockdown experiments and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector/electrospray ionization-quadruple time of flight-mass spectrometry analysis confirmed that at least four of the polyketide synthase genes were involved in the biosynthesis of various pigments in P. marneffei, including melanin, mitorubrinic acid, mitorubrinol, monascorubrin, rubropunctatin, citrinin and ankaflavin, some of which were mycotoxins and virulence factors of the fungus. MDPI 2015-10-30 /pmc/articles/PMC4663511/ /pubmed/26529013 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins7114421 Text en © 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
repository_type	Open Access Journal
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	US National Center for Biotechnology Information
building	NCBI PubMed
collection	Online Access
language	English
format	Online
author	Tam, Emily W. T. Tsang, Chi-Ching Lau, Susanna K. P. Woo, Patrick C. Y.
spellingShingle	Tam, Emily W. T. Tsang, Chi-Ching Lau, Susanna K. P. Woo, Patrick C. Y. Polyketides, Toxins and Pigments in Penicillium marneffei
author_facet	Tam, Emily W. T. Tsang, Chi-Ching Lau, Susanna K. P. Woo, Patrick C. Y.
author_sort	Tam, Emily W. T.
title	Polyketides, Toxins and Pigments in Penicillium marneffei
title_short	Polyketides, Toxins and Pigments in Penicillium marneffei
title_full	Polyketides, Toxins and Pigments in Penicillium marneffei
title_fullStr	Polyketides, Toxins and Pigments in Penicillium marneffei
title_full_unstemmed	Polyketides, Toxins and Pigments in Penicillium marneffei
title_sort	polyketides, toxins and pigments in penicillium marneffei
description	Penicillium marneffei (synonym: Talaromyces marneffei) is the most important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus in China and Southeastern Asia. The HIV/AIDS pandemic, particularly in China and other Southeast Asian countries, has led to the emergence of P. marneffei infection as an important AIDS-defining condition. Recently, we published the genome sequence of P. marneffei. In the P. marneffei genome, 23 polyketide synthase genes and two polyketide synthase-non-ribosomal peptide synthase hybrid genes were identified. This number is much higher than those of Coccidioides immitis and Histoplasma capsulatum, important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungi in the Western world. Phylogenetically, these polyketide synthase genes were distributed evenly with their counterparts found in Aspergillus species and other fungi, suggesting that polyketide synthases in P. marneffei did not diverge from lineage-specific gene duplication through a recent expansion. Gene knockdown experiments and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector/electrospray ionization-quadruple time of flight-mass spectrometry analysis confirmed that at least four of the polyketide synthase genes were involved in the biosynthesis of various pigments in P. marneffei, including melanin, mitorubrinic acid, mitorubrinol, monascorubrin, rubropunctatin, citrinin and ankaflavin, some of which were mycotoxins and virulence factors of the fungus.
publisher	MDPI
publishDate	2015
url	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4663511/
_version_	1613507529946431488

Polyketides, Toxins and Pigments in Penicillium marneffei

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