Tolerance in Organ Transplantation: From Conventional Immunosuppression to Extracellular Vesicles

Organ transplantation is often the unique solution for organ failure. However, rejection is still an unsolved problem. Although acute rejection is well controlled, the chronic use of immunosuppressive drugs for allograft acceptance causes numerous side effects in the recipient and do not prevent chr...

Full description

Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	Monguió-Tortajada, Marta, Lauzurica-Valdemoros, Ricardo, Borràs, Francesc E.
Format:	Online
Language:	English
Published:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2014
Online Access:	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4166341/

id	pubmed-4166341
recordtype	oai_dc
spelling	pubmed-41663412014-10-02 Tolerance in Organ Transplantation: From Conventional Immunosuppression to Extracellular Vesicles Monguió-Tortajada, Marta Lauzurica-Valdemoros, Ricardo Borràs, Francesc E. Immunology Organ transplantation is often the unique solution for organ failure. However, rejection is still an unsolved problem. Although acute rejection is well controlled, the chronic use of immunosuppressive drugs for allograft acceptance causes numerous side effects in the recipient and do not prevent chronic allograft dysfunction. Different alternative therapies have been proposed to replace the classical treatment for allograft rejection. The alternative therapies are mainly based in pre-infusions of different types of regulatory cells, including DCs, MSCs, and Tregs. Nevertheless, these approaches lack full efficiency and have many problems related to availability and applicability. In this context, the use of extracellular vesicles, and in particular exosomes, may represent a cell-free alternative approach in inducing transplant tolerance and survival. Preliminary approaches in vitro and in vivo have demonstrated the efficient alloantigen presentation and immunomodulation abilities of exosomes, leading to alloantigen-specific tolerance and allograft acceptance in rodent models. Donor exosomes have been used alone, processed by recipient antigen-presenting cells, or administered together with suboptimal doses of immunosuppressive drugs, achieving specific allograft tolerance and infinite transplant survival. In this review, we gathered the latest exosome-based strategies for graft acceptance and discuss the tolerance mechanisms involved in organ tolerance mediated by the administration of exosomes. We will also deal with the feasibility and difficulties that arise from the application of this strategy into the clinic. Frontiers Media S.A. 2014-09-17 /pmc/articles/PMC4166341/ /pubmed/25278936 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2014.00416 Text en Copyright © 2014 Monguió-Tortajada, Lauzurica-Valdemoros and Borràs. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
repository_type	Open Access Journal
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	US National Center for Biotechnology Information
building	NCBI PubMed
collection	Online Access
language	English
format	Online
author	Monguió-Tortajada, Marta Lauzurica-Valdemoros, Ricardo Borràs, Francesc E.
spellingShingle	Monguió-Tortajada, Marta Lauzurica-Valdemoros, Ricardo Borràs, Francesc E. Tolerance in Organ Transplantation: From Conventional Immunosuppression to Extracellular Vesicles
author_facet	Monguió-Tortajada, Marta Lauzurica-Valdemoros, Ricardo Borràs, Francesc E.
author_sort	Monguió-Tortajada, Marta
title	Tolerance in Organ Transplantation: From Conventional Immunosuppression to Extracellular Vesicles
title_short	Tolerance in Organ Transplantation: From Conventional Immunosuppression to Extracellular Vesicles
title_full	Tolerance in Organ Transplantation: From Conventional Immunosuppression to Extracellular Vesicles
title_fullStr	Tolerance in Organ Transplantation: From Conventional Immunosuppression to Extracellular Vesicles
title_full_unstemmed	Tolerance in Organ Transplantation: From Conventional Immunosuppression to Extracellular Vesicles
title_sort	tolerance in organ transplantation: from conventional immunosuppression to extracellular vesicles
description	Organ transplantation is often the unique solution for organ failure. However, rejection is still an unsolved problem. Although acute rejection is well controlled, the chronic use of immunosuppressive drugs for allograft acceptance causes numerous side effects in the recipient and do not prevent chronic allograft dysfunction. Different alternative therapies have been proposed to replace the classical treatment for allograft rejection. The alternative therapies are mainly based in pre-infusions of different types of regulatory cells, including DCs, MSCs, and Tregs. Nevertheless, these approaches lack full efficiency and have many problems related to availability and applicability. In this context, the use of extracellular vesicles, and in particular exosomes, may represent a cell-free alternative approach in inducing transplant tolerance and survival. Preliminary approaches in vitro and in vivo have demonstrated the efficient alloantigen presentation and immunomodulation abilities of exosomes, leading to alloantigen-specific tolerance and allograft acceptance in rodent models. Donor exosomes have been used alone, processed by recipient antigen-presenting cells, or administered together with suboptimal doses of immunosuppressive drugs, achieving specific allograft tolerance and infinite transplant survival. In this review, we gathered the latest exosome-based strategies for graft acceptance and discuss the tolerance mechanisms involved in organ tolerance mediated by the administration of exosomes. We will also deal with the feasibility and difficulties that arise from the application of this strategy into the clinic.
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2014
url	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4166341/
_version_	1613134648327536640

Tolerance in Organ Transplantation: From Conventional Immunosuppression to Extracellular Vesicles

Similar Items