Type-IV Antifreeze Proteins are Essential for Epiboly and Convergence in Gastrulation of Zebrafish Embryos

Many organisms in extremely cold environments such as the Antarctic Pole have evolved antifreeze molecules to prevent ice formation. There are four types of antifreeze proteins (AFPs). Type-IV antifreeze proteins (AFP4s) are present also in certain temperate and even tropical fish, which has raised...

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Main Authors:	Xiao, Qing, Xia, Jian-Hong, Zhang, Xiao-Juan, Li, Zhi, Wang, Yang, Zhou, Li, Gui, Jian-Fang
Format:	Online
Language:	English
Published:	Ivyspring International Publisher 2014
Online Access:	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4081606/

id	pubmed-4081606
recordtype	oai_dc
spelling	pubmed-40816062014-07-10 Type-IV Antifreeze Proteins are Essential for Epiboly and Convergence in Gastrulation of Zebrafish Embryos Xiao, Qing Xia, Jian-Hong Zhang, Xiao-Juan Li, Zhi Wang, Yang Zhou, Li Gui, Jian-Fang Research Paper Many organisms in extremely cold environments such as the Antarctic Pole have evolved antifreeze molecules to prevent ice formation. There are four types of antifreeze proteins (AFPs). Type-IV antifreeze proteins (AFP4s) are present also in certain temperate and even tropical fish, which has raised a question as to whether these AFP4s have important functions in addition to antifreeze activity. Here we report the identification and functional analyses of AFP4s in cyprinid fish. Two genes, namely afp4a and afp4b coding for AFP4s, were identified in gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) and zebrafish (Danio rerio). In both species, afp4a and afp4b display a head-to-tail tandem arrangement and share a common 4-exonic gene structure. In zebrafish, both afp4a and afp4b were found to express specifically in the yolk syncytial layer (YSL). Interestingly, afp4a expression continues in YSL and digestive system from early embryos to adults, whereas afp4b expression is restricted to embryogenesis. Importantly, we have shown by using afp4a-specific and afp4b-specifc morpholino knockdown and cell lineage tracing approaches that AFP4a participates in epiboly progression by stabilizing yolk cytoplasmic layer microtubules, and AFP4b is primarily related to convergence movement. Therefore, both AFP4 proteins are essential for gastrulation of zebrafish embryos. Our current results provide first evidence that AFP such as AFP4 has important roles in regulating developmental processes besides its well-known function as antifreeze factors. Ivyspring International Publisher 2014-06-24 /pmc/articles/PMC4081606/ /pubmed/25013380 http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.9126 Text en © Ivyspring International Publisher. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Reproduction is permitted for personal, noncommercial use, provided that the article is in whole, unmodified, and properly cited.
repository_type	Open Access Journal
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	US National Center for Biotechnology Information
building	NCBI PubMed
collection	Online Access
language	English
format	Online
author	Xiao, Qing Xia, Jian-Hong Zhang, Xiao-Juan Li, Zhi Wang, Yang Zhou, Li Gui, Jian-Fang
spellingShingle	Xiao, Qing Xia, Jian-Hong Zhang, Xiao-Juan Li, Zhi Wang, Yang Zhou, Li Gui, Jian-Fang Type-IV Antifreeze Proteins are Essential for Epiboly and Convergence in Gastrulation of Zebrafish Embryos
author_facet	Xiao, Qing Xia, Jian-Hong Zhang, Xiao-Juan Li, Zhi Wang, Yang Zhou, Li Gui, Jian-Fang
author_sort	Xiao, Qing
title	Type-IV Antifreeze Proteins are Essential for Epiboly and Convergence in Gastrulation of Zebrafish Embryos
title_short	Type-IV Antifreeze Proteins are Essential for Epiboly and Convergence in Gastrulation of Zebrafish Embryos
title_full	Type-IV Antifreeze Proteins are Essential for Epiboly and Convergence in Gastrulation of Zebrafish Embryos
title_fullStr	Type-IV Antifreeze Proteins are Essential for Epiboly and Convergence in Gastrulation of Zebrafish Embryos
title_full_unstemmed	Type-IV Antifreeze Proteins are Essential for Epiboly and Convergence in Gastrulation of Zebrafish Embryos
title_sort	type-iv antifreeze proteins are essential for epiboly and convergence in gastrulation of zebrafish embryos
description	Many organisms in extremely cold environments such as the Antarctic Pole have evolved antifreeze molecules to prevent ice formation. There are four types of antifreeze proteins (AFPs). Type-IV antifreeze proteins (AFP4s) are present also in certain temperate and even tropical fish, which has raised a question as to whether these AFP4s have important functions in addition to antifreeze activity. Here we report the identification and functional analyses of AFP4s in cyprinid fish. Two genes, namely afp4a and afp4b coding for AFP4s, were identified in gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) and zebrafish (Danio rerio). In both species, afp4a and afp4b display a head-to-tail tandem arrangement and share a common 4-exonic gene structure. In zebrafish, both afp4a and afp4b were found to express specifically in the yolk syncytial layer (YSL). Interestingly, afp4a expression continues in YSL and digestive system from early embryos to adults, whereas afp4b expression is restricted to embryogenesis. Importantly, we have shown by using afp4a-specific and afp4b-specifc morpholino knockdown and cell lineage tracing approaches that AFP4a participates in epiboly progression by stabilizing yolk cytoplasmic layer microtubules, and AFP4b is primarily related to convergence movement. Therefore, both AFP4 proteins are essential for gastrulation of zebrafish embryos. Our current results provide first evidence that AFP such as AFP4 has important roles in regulating developmental processes besides its well-known function as antifreeze factors.
publisher	Ivyspring International Publisher
publishDate	2014
url	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4081606/
_version_	1613108093691887616

Type-IV Antifreeze Proteins are Essential for Epiboly and Convergence in Gastrulation of Zebrafish Embryos

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