Nitric Oxide Inactivation Mechanisms in the Brain: Role in Bioenergetics and Neurodegeneration

During the last decades nitric oxide (•NO) has emerged as a critical physiological signaling molecule in mammalian tissues, notably in the brain. •NO may modify the activity of regulatory proteins via direct reaction with the heme moiety, or indirectly, via S-nitrosylation of thiol groups or nitrati...

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Main Authors:	Santos, Ricardo M., Lourenço, Cátia F., Ledo, Ana, Barbosa, Rui M., Laranjinha, João
Format:	Online
Language:	English
Published:	Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2012
Online Access:	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3376480/

id	pubmed-3376480
recordtype	oai_dc
spelling	pubmed-33764802012-06-20 Nitric Oxide Inactivation Mechanisms in the Brain: Role in Bioenergetics and Neurodegeneration Santos, Ricardo M. Lourenço, Cátia F. Ledo, Ana Barbosa, Rui M. Laranjinha, João Review Article During the last decades nitric oxide (•NO) has emerged as a critical physiological signaling molecule in mammalian tissues, notably in the brain. •NO may modify the activity of regulatory proteins via direct reaction with the heme moiety, or indirectly, via S-nitrosylation of thiol groups or nitration of tyrosine residues. However, a conceptual understanding of how •NO bioactivity is carried out in biological systems is hampered by the lack of knowledge on its dynamics in vivo. Key questions still lacking concrete and definitive answers include those related with quantitative issues of its concentration dynamics and diffusion, summarized in the how much, how long, and how far trilogy. For instance, a major problem is the lack of knowledge of what constitutes a physiological •NO concentration and what constitutes a pathological one and how is •NO concentration regulated. The ambient •NO concentration reflects the balance between the rate of synthesis and the rate of breakdown. Much has been learnt about the mechanism of •NO synthesis, but the inactivation pathways of •NO has been almost completely ignored. We have recently addressed these issues in vivo on basis of microelectrode technology that allows a fine-tuned spatial and temporal measurement •NO concentration dynamics in the brain. Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2012 2012-06-10 /pmc/articles/PMC3376480/ /pubmed/22719764 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/391914 Text en Copyright © 2012 Ricardo M. Santos et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
repository_type	Open Access Journal
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	US National Center for Biotechnology Information
building	NCBI PubMed
collection	Online Access
language	English
format	Online
author	Santos, Ricardo M. Lourenço, Cátia F. Ledo, Ana Barbosa, Rui M. Laranjinha, João
spellingShingle	Santos, Ricardo M. Lourenço, Cátia F. Ledo, Ana Barbosa, Rui M. Laranjinha, João Nitric Oxide Inactivation Mechanisms in the Brain: Role in Bioenergetics and Neurodegeneration
author_facet	Santos, Ricardo M. Lourenço, Cátia F. Ledo, Ana Barbosa, Rui M. Laranjinha, João
author_sort	Santos, Ricardo M.
title	Nitric Oxide Inactivation Mechanisms in the Brain: Role in Bioenergetics and Neurodegeneration
title_short	Nitric Oxide Inactivation Mechanisms in the Brain: Role in Bioenergetics and Neurodegeneration
title_full	Nitric Oxide Inactivation Mechanisms in the Brain: Role in Bioenergetics and Neurodegeneration
title_fullStr	Nitric Oxide Inactivation Mechanisms in the Brain: Role in Bioenergetics and Neurodegeneration
title_full_unstemmed	Nitric Oxide Inactivation Mechanisms in the Brain: Role in Bioenergetics and Neurodegeneration
title_sort	nitric oxide inactivation mechanisms in the brain: role in bioenergetics and neurodegeneration
description	During the last decades nitric oxide (•NO) has emerged as a critical physiological signaling molecule in mammalian tissues, notably in the brain. •NO may modify the activity of regulatory proteins via direct reaction with the heme moiety, or indirectly, via S-nitrosylation of thiol groups or nitration of tyrosine residues. However, a conceptual understanding of how •NO bioactivity is carried out in biological systems is hampered by the lack of knowledge on its dynamics in vivo. Key questions still lacking concrete and definitive answers include those related with quantitative issues of its concentration dynamics and diffusion, summarized in the how much, how long, and how far trilogy. For instance, a major problem is the lack of knowledge of what constitutes a physiological •NO concentration and what constitutes a pathological one and how is •NO concentration regulated. The ambient •NO concentration reflects the balance between the rate of synthesis and the rate of breakdown. Much has been learnt about the mechanism of •NO synthesis, but the inactivation pathways of •NO has been almost completely ignored. We have recently addressed these issues in vivo on basis of microelectrode technology that allows a fine-tuned spatial and temporal measurement •NO concentration dynamics in the brain.
publisher	Hindawi Publishing Corporation
publishDate	2012
url	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3376480/
_version_	1611537168196435968

Nitric Oxide Inactivation Mechanisms in the Brain: Role in Bioenergetics and Neurodegeneration

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