Quantification of selected steroid hormones (17b-Estradiol and 17a-Ethynylestradiol) in wastewater treatment plants in Klang Valley (Malaysia)
Steroid estrogens, such as 17β-estradiol (E2) and 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) are potent and were categorized as "Watch List" in Directive 2013/39/EU because of their potential risks to aquatic environment. Commercialized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits have been used to quan...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2019
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/81909/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/81909/1/Quantification%20of%20selected%20steroid%20hormones%20.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848859196394569728 |
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| author | Ting, Yien Fang Praveena, Sarva Mangala Aris, Ahmad Zaharin Syed Ismail, Sharifah Norkhadijah Rasdi, Irniza |
| author_facet | Ting, Yien Fang Praveena, Sarva Mangala Aris, Ahmad Zaharin Syed Ismail, Sharifah Norkhadijah Rasdi, Irniza |
| author_sort | Ting, Yien Fang |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Steroid estrogens, such as 17β-estradiol (E2) and 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) are potent and were categorized as "Watch List" in Directive 2013/39/EU because of their potential risks to aquatic environment. Commercialized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits have been used to quantify steroid estrogens in wastewater samples due to their simplicity, rapid, cost-effectiveness, and validated assays. Hence, this study aims to determine the occurrence and removal of steroid hormones in Malaysian wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) by ELISA, to identify the association of removal efficiency (E2 and EE2) with respect to WWTPs operating conditions, and to assess the potential risks of steroid estrogens to aquatic environment and human. Results showed E2 concentration ranged from 88.2 ± 7.0 ng/L to 93.9 ± 6.9 ng/L in influent and 35.1 ± 17.3 ng/L to 85.2 ± 7.6 ng/L in effluent, with removal of 6.4%-63.0%. The EE2 concentration ranged from 0.2 ± 0.2 ng/L to 4.9 ± 6.3 ng/L in influent and 0.02 ± 0.03 ng/L to 1.0 ± 0.8 ng/L in effluent, with removal of 28.3-99.3%. There is a correlation between EE2 removal with total suspended solid (TSS) and oxidation reduction potential (ORP), and was statistically significant. Despite the calculated estrogenic activity for E2 and EE2 was relatively high, dilution effects could lower estrogenic response to aquatic environment. Besides, these six selected WWTPs have cumulative RQ values below the allowable limit, except WWTP 1. Relatively high precipitation (129-218 mm) could further dilute estrogens concentration in the receiving river. These outputs can be used as quantitative information for evaluating the occurrence and removal of steroid estrogens in Malaysian WWTPs. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T12:25:30Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-81909 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T12:25:30Z |
| publishDate | 2019 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-819092021-08-27T23:27:01Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/81909/ Quantification of selected steroid hormones (17b-Estradiol and 17a-Ethynylestradiol) in wastewater treatment plants in Klang Valley (Malaysia) Ting, Yien Fang Praveena, Sarva Mangala Aris, Ahmad Zaharin Syed Ismail, Sharifah Norkhadijah Rasdi, Irniza Steroid estrogens, such as 17β-estradiol (E2) and 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) are potent and were categorized as "Watch List" in Directive 2013/39/EU because of their potential risks to aquatic environment. Commercialized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits have been used to quantify steroid estrogens in wastewater samples due to their simplicity, rapid, cost-effectiveness, and validated assays. Hence, this study aims to determine the occurrence and removal of steroid hormones in Malaysian wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) by ELISA, to identify the association of removal efficiency (E2 and EE2) with respect to WWTPs operating conditions, and to assess the potential risks of steroid estrogens to aquatic environment and human. Results showed E2 concentration ranged from 88.2 ± 7.0 ng/L to 93.9 ± 6.9 ng/L in influent and 35.1 ± 17.3 ng/L to 85.2 ± 7.6 ng/L in effluent, with removal of 6.4%-63.0%. The EE2 concentration ranged from 0.2 ± 0.2 ng/L to 4.9 ± 6.3 ng/L in influent and 0.02 ± 0.03 ng/L to 1.0 ± 0.8 ng/L in effluent, with removal of 28.3-99.3%. There is a correlation between EE2 removal with total suspended solid (TSS) and oxidation reduction potential (ORP), and was statistically significant. Despite the calculated estrogenic activity for E2 and EE2 was relatively high, dilution effects could lower estrogenic response to aquatic environment. Besides, these six selected WWTPs have cumulative RQ values below the allowable limit, except WWTP 1. Relatively high precipitation (129-218 mm) could further dilute estrogens concentration in the receiving river. These outputs can be used as quantitative information for evaluating the occurrence and removal of steroid estrogens in Malaysian WWTPs. Elsevier 2019-01 Article PeerReviewed text en http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/81909/1/Quantification%20of%20selected%20steroid%20hormones%20.pdf Ting, Yien Fang and Praveena, Sarva Mangala and Aris, Ahmad Zaharin and Syed Ismail, Sharifah Norkhadijah and Rasdi, Irniza (2019) Quantification of selected steroid hormones (17b-Estradiol and 17a-Ethynylestradiol) in wastewater treatment plants in Klang Valley (Malaysia). Chemosphere, 215. pp. 153-162. ISSN 0045-6535: ESSN: 1879-1298 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0045653518318861?via%3Dihub 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.032 |
| spellingShingle | Ting, Yien Fang Praveena, Sarva Mangala Aris, Ahmad Zaharin Syed Ismail, Sharifah Norkhadijah Rasdi, Irniza Quantification of selected steroid hormones (17b-Estradiol and 17a-Ethynylestradiol) in wastewater treatment plants in Klang Valley (Malaysia) |
| title | Quantification of selected steroid hormones (17b-Estradiol and 17a-Ethynylestradiol) in wastewater treatment plants in Klang Valley (Malaysia) |
| title_full | Quantification of selected steroid hormones (17b-Estradiol and 17a-Ethynylestradiol) in wastewater treatment plants in Klang Valley (Malaysia) |
| title_fullStr | Quantification of selected steroid hormones (17b-Estradiol and 17a-Ethynylestradiol) in wastewater treatment plants in Klang Valley (Malaysia) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Quantification of selected steroid hormones (17b-Estradiol and 17a-Ethynylestradiol) in wastewater treatment plants in Klang Valley (Malaysia) |
| title_short | Quantification of selected steroid hormones (17b-Estradiol and 17a-Ethynylestradiol) in wastewater treatment plants in Klang Valley (Malaysia) |
| title_sort | quantification of selected steroid hormones (17b-estradiol and 17a-ethynylestradiol) in wastewater treatment plants in klang valley (malaysia) |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/81909/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/81909/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/81909/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/81909/1/Quantification%20of%20selected%20steroid%20hormones%20.pdf |