Powder metallurgy of Zn–Mn/CNF biodegradable composites: Role of ball milling and sintering on material performance
Zinc (Zn) alloys represent a promising category of biodegradable implant materials for bone fixation applications, eliminating the need for subsequent removal procedures. By combining zinc with other metals and carbonaceous materials, its mechanical strength and ductility are expected to improve. Ho...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier Ltd
2025
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/118655/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/118655/1/118655.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848867565279903744 |
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| author | Yng, Yeak Chan, Kar Fei Abd Samad, Muhammad Izzuddin Ramlee, Muhammad Hanif Yaakob, Yazid Tanemura, Masaki Mohd Yusop, Mohd Zamri |
| author_facet | Yng, Yeak Chan, Kar Fei Abd Samad, Muhammad Izzuddin Ramlee, Muhammad Hanif Yaakob, Yazid Tanemura, Masaki Mohd Yusop, Mohd Zamri |
| author_sort | Yng, Yeak |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Zinc (Zn) alloys represent a promising category of biodegradable implant materials for bone fixation applications, eliminating the need for subsequent removal procedures. By combining zinc with other metals and carbonaceous materials, its mechanical strength and ductility are expected to improve. However, the formation and behavior of pores during manufacturing require an optimized configuration to ensure functional efficacy. This research aims to produce a carbon nanofiber-reinforced zinc-manganese (Zn–Mn/CNF) composite using powder metallurgical techniques. The impact of ball milling time and sintering method on the homogeneity, elemental distribution, and crystallography of Zn–Mn/CNF was assessed, along with its surface topography and microhardness. Micrograph analysis showed that the duration of ball milling influenced the porosity, microcracks, and oxide formation in the composites. After an extended ball milling period (60–120 min), the composite exhibited increased porosity and microcracking. Conversely, a 5-min milling reduced the crystallite size of the α-Zn phase to 77.4 nm with minimal oxidation. The sintered composite displayed lower Vickers hardness (39.44 HV) compared to its counterpart (41.26 HV). The limitations of the sintering parameters (400 °C for 1 h) failed to induce a phase transition from the primary α-Zn phase to any secondary phase with increased hardness. Furthermore, the sintering process increased the porosity about 4 % and enlarged the pore size, weakening the structure and reducing the composite's hardness. The synergistic effect of ball milling and sintering on the Zn–Mn/CNF composite has been examined in relation to its microstructural characteristics and microhardness performance. The optimal ball milling and sintering conditions for achieving high densification and surface hardness in the Zn–Mn/CNF composite are 5 min of ball milling without additional sintering. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T14:38:31Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-118655 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T14:38:31Z |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher | Elsevier Ltd |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-1186552025-07-21T06:53:45Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/118655/ Powder metallurgy of Zn–Mn/CNF biodegradable composites: Role of ball milling and sintering on material performance Yng, Yeak Chan, Kar Fei Abd Samad, Muhammad Izzuddin Ramlee, Muhammad Hanif Yaakob, Yazid Tanemura, Masaki Mohd Yusop, Mohd Zamri Zinc (Zn) alloys represent a promising category of biodegradable implant materials for bone fixation applications, eliminating the need for subsequent removal procedures. By combining zinc with other metals and carbonaceous materials, its mechanical strength and ductility are expected to improve. However, the formation and behavior of pores during manufacturing require an optimized configuration to ensure functional efficacy. This research aims to produce a carbon nanofiber-reinforced zinc-manganese (Zn–Mn/CNF) composite using powder metallurgical techniques. The impact of ball milling time and sintering method on the homogeneity, elemental distribution, and crystallography of Zn–Mn/CNF was assessed, along with its surface topography and microhardness. Micrograph analysis showed that the duration of ball milling influenced the porosity, microcracks, and oxide formation in the composites. After an extended ball milling period (60–120 min), the composite exhibited increased porosity and microcracking. Conversely, a 5-min milling reduced the crystallite size of the α-Zn phase to 77.4 nm with minimal oxidation. The sintered composite displayed lower Vickers hardness (39.44 HV) compared to its counterpart (41.26 HV). The limitations of the sintering parameters (400 °C for 1 h) failed to induce a phase transition from the primary α-Zn phase to any secondary phase with increased hardness. Furthermore, the sintering process increased the porosity about 4 % and enlarged the pore size, weakening the structure and reducing the composite's hardness. The synergistic effect of ball milling and sintering on the Zn–Mn/CNF composite has been examined in relation to its microstructural characteristics and microhardness performance. The optimal ball milling and sintering conditions for achieving high densification and surface hardness in the Zn–Mn/CNF composite are 5 min of ball milling without additional sintering. Elsevier Ltd 2025-02-15 Article PeerReviewed text en http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/118655/1/118655.pdf Yng, Yeak and Chan, Kar Fei and Abd Samad, Muhammad Izzuddin and Ramlee, Muhammad Hanif and Yaakob, Yazid and Tanemura, Masaki and Mohd Yusop, Mohd Zamri (2025) Powder metallurgy of Zn–Mn/CNF biodegradable composites: Role of ball milling and sintering on material performance. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 332. art. no. 130314. pp. 1-11. ISSN 0254-0584; eISSN: 0254-0584 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0254058424014445 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2024.130314 |
| spellingShingle | Yng, Yeak Chan, Kar Fei Abd Samad, Muhammad Izzuddin Ramlee, Muhammad Hanif Yaakob, Yazid Tanemura, Masaki Mohd Yusop, Mohd Zamri Powder metallurgy of Zn–Mn/CNF biodegradable composites: Role of ball milling and sintering on material performance |
| title | Powder metallurgy of Zn–Mn/CNF biodegradable composites: Role of ball milling and sintering on material performance |
| title_full | Powder metallurgy of Zn–Mn/CNF biodegradable composites: Role of ball milling and sintering on material performance |
| title_fullStr | Powder metallurgy of Zn–Mn/CNF biodegradable composites: Role of ball milling and sintering on material performance |
| title_full_unstemmed | Powder metallurgy of Zn–Mn/CNF biodegradable composites: Role of ball milling and sintering on material performance |
| title_short | Powder metallurgy of Zn–Mn/CNF biodegradable composites: Role of ball milling and sintering on material performance |
| title_sort | powder metallurgy of zn–mn/cnf biodegradable composites: role of ball milling and sintering on material performance |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/118655/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/118655/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/118655/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/118655/1/118655.pdf |