Comparative review on vertical deformation in deep excavations: Insights from BU and TD methods

With the rapid pace of urbanization, controlling vertical deformation in deep excavations has become increasingly important. This study reviews over one hundred recent publications and systematically compares the Bottom-up (BU) and Top-down (TD) methods using four key indicators: surface settlement,...

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Main Authors: Wen, Zhou, Amizatulhani, Abdullah, Doh, Shu Ing, Jing, Chen
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier Ltd. 2025
Subjects:
Online Access:https://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/45694/
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author Wen, Zhou
Amizatulhani, Abdullah
Doh, Shu Ing
Jing, Chen
author_facet Wen, Zhou
Amizatulhani, Abdullah
Doh, Shu Ing
Jing, Chen
author_sort Wen, Zhou
building UMP Institutional Repository
collection Online Access
description With the rapid pace of urbanization, controlling vertical deformation in deep excavations has become increasingly important. This study reviews over one hundred recent publications and systematically compares the Bottom-up (BU) and Top-down (TD) methods using four key indicators: surface settlement, vertical displacement of retaining walls, column settlement, and basal heave. BU features a simple construction sequence and stable column behavior but is prone to greater settlement and heave when support stiffness or dewatering is insufficient. TD, by casting floor slabs in advance, reduces surface settlement by approximately 21 %–26 % and basal heave by 14.1 %–38.6 %, yet increases column settlement by 16.7 %, showing a two-stage “initial uplift–subsequent settlement” response. When surface settlement is normalized as the settlement-to-depth ratio, BU curves can be unified into a single design envelope, while vertical displacement of retaining walls, column settlement, and basal heave exhibit distinct evolution patterns. This review establishes a unified settlement envelope and a concise multi-indicator comparative dataset, providing practical reference for excavation scheme selection and optimization.
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spelling ump-456942025-09-22T04:14:17Z https://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/45694/ Comparative review on vertical deformation in deep excavations: Insights from BU and TD methods Wen, Zhou Amizatulhani, Abdullah Doh, Shu Ing Jing, Chen TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TE Highway engineering. Roads and pavements TH Building construction With the rapid pace of urbanization, controlling vertical deformation in deep excavations has become increasingly important. This study reviews over one hundred recent publications and systematically compares the Bottom-up (BU) and Top-down (TD) methods using four key indicators: surface settlement, vertical displacement of retaining walls, column settlement, and basal heave. BU features a simple construction sequence and stable column behavior but is prone to greater settlement and heave when support stiffness or dewatering is insufficient. TD, by casting floor slabs in advance, reduces surface settlement by approximately 21 %–26 % and basal heave by 14.1 %–38.6 %, yet increases column settlement by 16.7 %, showing a two-stage “initial uplift–subsequent settlement” response. When surface settlement is normalized as the settlement-to-depth ratio, BU curves can be unified into a single design envelope, while vertical displacement of retaining walls, column settlement, and basal heave exhibit distinct evolution patterns. This review establishes a unified settlement envelope and a concise multi-indicator comparative dataset, providing practical reference for excavation scheme selection and optimization. Elsevier Ltd. 2025 Article PeerReviewed pdf en https://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/45694/1/Comparative%20review%20on%20vertical%20deformation%20in%20deep%20excavations.pdf Wen, Zhou and Amizatulhani, Abdullah and Doh, Shu Ing and Jing, Chen (2025) Comparative review on vertical deformation in deep excavations: Insights from BU and TD methods. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 141 (104105). pp. 1-13. ISSN 1474-7065. (Published) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2025.104105 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2025.104105 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2025.104105
spellingShingle TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)
TE Highway engineering. Roads and pavements
TH Building construction
Wen, Zhou
Amizatulhani, Abdullah
Doh, Shu Ing
Jing, Chen
Comparative review on vertical deformation in deep excavations: Insights from BU and TD methods
title Comparative review on vertical deformation in deep excavations: Insights from BU and TD methods
title_full Comparative review on vertical deformation in deep excavations: Insights from BU and TD methods
title_fullStr Comparative review on vertical deformation in deep excavations: Insights from BU and TD methods
title_full_unstemmed Comparative review on vertical deformation in deep excavations: Insights from BU and TD methods
title_short Comparative review on vertical deformation in deep excavations: Insights from BU and TD methods
title_sort comparative review on vertical deformation in deep excavations: insights from bu and td methods
topic TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)
TE Highway engineering. Roads and pavements
TH Building construction
url https://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/45694/
https://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/45694/
https://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/45694/