ANN-integrated modeling of HTL-free Cs₂SnI₆ perovskite solar cells under indoor and outdoor light spectra
To address the cost and technical challenges in the commercial scalability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), we propose an HTL-free PSC device with the structure FTO/TiO2/Cs2SnI6/Ni. In this study, we employ affinity engineering methodology to select the most appropriate ETL materials for this devic...
| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier Ltd
2025
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| Online Access: | https://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/45300/ |
| _version_ | 1848827378666569728 |
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| author | Md Zannatul, Arif Zhou, Guobing Hasan, Md. Munirul |
| author_facet | Md Zannatul, Arif Zhou, Guobing Hasan, Md. Munirul |
| author_sort | Md Zannatul, Arif |
| building | UMP Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | To address the cost and technical challenges in the commercial scalability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), we propose an HTL-free PSC device with the structure FTO/TiO2/Cs2SnI6/Ni. In this study, we employ affinity engineering methodology to select the most appropriate ETL materials for this device. A range of ETL materials, including SnO2, CdS, GO, TiO2, MZO, and WO3, are evaluated. Among these, TiO2 shows the best performance and is selected as the optimal ETL material. The HTL-free device is investigated under two light spectra: solar light (outdoor) and LED light (indoor). Key parameters, such as absorber thickness, absorber defect density, electron affinity, and work function of back contact metal, are optimized through simulations. The final optimized device structure—FTO/TiO2/Cs2SnI6/Ni—achieves an impressive efficiency of 27.01 % under solar light and 38.75 % under LED light. Additionally, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model is used to predict the power conversion efficiency (PCE). The input data are obtained from SCAPS simulations, and the ANN model is designed with a 4–12–4 architecture. The predictive model is able to estimate the efficiency with a mean squared error (MSE) of 8.127 × 10⁻⁴, a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.00944, and a R² value of 0.968 under the solar light spectrum. For the LED light spectrum, the MSE is 3.6585 × 10⁻⁴, the RMSE is 0.00614, and the R² is 0.986. The sensitivity analysis reveals that the absorber thickness is the most significant parameter influencing the device performance under present conditions. The hybrid model demonstrates a strong predictive ability, providing an efficient technique for optimizing the device investigated. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T03:59:46Z |
| format | Article |
| id | ump-45300 |
| institution | Universiti Malaysia Pahang |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T03:59:46Z |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher | Elsevier Ltd |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | ump-453002025-08-07T07:03:48Z https://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/45300/ ANN-integrated modeling of HTL-free Cs₂SnI₆ perovskite solar cells under indoor and outdoor light spectra Md Zannatul, Arif Zhou, Guobing Hasan, Md. Munirul QA75 Electronic computers. Computer science QC Physics TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering To address the cost and technical challenges in the commercial scalability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), we propose an HTL-free PSC device with the structure FTO/TiO2/Cs2SnI6/Ni. In this study, we employ affinity engineering methodology to select the most appropriate ETL materials for this device. A range of ETL materials, including SnO2, CdS, GO, TiO2, MZO, and WO3, are evaluated. Among these, TiO2 shows the best performance and is selected as the optimal ETL material. The HTL-free device is investigated under two light spectra: solar light (outdoor) and LED light (indoor). Key parameters, such as absorber thickness, absorber defect density, electron affinity, and work function of back contact metal, are optimized through simulations. The final optimized device structure—FTO/TiO2/Cs2SnI6/Ni—achieves an impressive efficiency of 27.01 % under solar light and 38.75 % under LED light. Additionally, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model is used to predict the power conversion efficiency (PCE). The input data are obtained from SCAPS simulations, and the ANN model is designed with a 4–12–4 architecture. The predictive model is able to estimate the efficiency with a mean squared error (MSE) of 8.127 × 10⁻⁴, a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.00944, and a R² value of 0.968 under the solar light spectrum. For the LED light spectrum, the MSE is 3.6585 × 10⁻⁴, the RMSE is 0.00614, and the R² is 0.986. The sensitivity analysis reveals that the absorber thickness is the most significant parameter influencing the device performance under present conditions. The hybrid model demonstrates a strong predictive ability, providing an efficient technique for optimizing the device investigated. Elsevier Ltd 2025 Article PeerReviewed pdf en https://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/45300/1/ANN-integrated%20modeling%20of%20HTL-free%20Cs%E2%82%82SnI%E2%82%86%20perovskite%20solar%20cells.pdf Md Zannatul, Arif and Zhou, Guobing and Hasan, Md. Munirul (2025) ANN-integrated modeling of HTL-free Cs₂SnI₆ perovskite solar cells under indoor and outdoor light spectra. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 1036 (181801). pp. 1-21. ISSN 0925-8388 (print), 1873-4669 (online). (Published) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2025.181801 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2025.181801 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2025.181801 |
| spellingShingle | QA75 Electronic computers. Computer science QC Physics TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering Md Zannatul, Arif Zhou, Guobing Hasan, Md. Munirul ANN-integrated modeling of HTL-free Cs₂SnI₆ perovskite solar cells under indoor and outdoor light spectra |
| title | ANN-integrated modeling of HTL-free Cs₂SnI₆ perovskite solar cells under indoor and outdoor light spectra |
| title_full | ANN-integrated modeling of HTL-free Cs₂SnI₆ perovskite solar cells under indoor and outdoor light spectra |
| title_fullStr | ANN-integrated modeling of HTL-free Cs₂SnI₆ perovskite solar cells under indoor and outdoor light spectra |
| title_full_unstemmed | ANN-integrated modeling of HTL-free Cs₂SnI₆ perovskite solar cells under indoor and outdoor light spectra |
| title_short | ANN-integrated modeling of HTL-free Cs₂SnI₆ perovskite solar cells under indoor and outdoor light spectra |
| title_sort | ann-integrated modeling of htl-free cs₂sni₆ perovskite solar cells under indoor and outdoor light spectra |
| topic | QA75 Electronic computers. Computer science QC Physics TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering |
| url | https://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/45300/ https://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/45300/ https://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/45300/ |