Fungal fermented palm kernel expeller as feed for black soldier fly larvae in producing protein and biodiesel
Being the second-largest country in the production of palm oil, Malaysia has a massive amount of palm kernel expeller (PKE) leftover. For that purpose, black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are thus employed in this study to valorize the PKE waste. More specifically, this work elucidated the effects of th...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI
2022
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| Online Access: | http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/34400/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/34400/1/Fungal%20fermented%20palm%20kernel%20expeller%20as%20feed_FULL.pdf |
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| author | Liew, Chin Seng Wong, Chung Yiin Abdelfattah, Eman A. Raksasat, Ratchaprapa Rawindran, Hemamalini Lim, Jun Wei Kiatkittipong, Worapon Kiatkittipong, Kunlanan Mohamad, Mardawani Yek, Peter Nai Yuh Herma Dina, Setiabudi Chin, Kui Cheng Lam, Su Shiung |
| author_facet | Liew, Chin Seng Wong, Chung Yiin Abdelfattah, Eman A. Raksasat, Ratchaprapa Rawindran, Hemamalini Lim, Jun Wei Kiatkittipong, Worapon Kiatkittipong, Kunlanan Mohamad, Mardawani Yek, Peter Nai Yuh Herma Dina, Setiabudi Chin, Kui Cheng Lam, Su Shiung |
| author_sort | Liew, Chin Seng |
| building | UMP Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Being the second-largest country in the production of palm oil, Malaysia has a massive amount of palm kernel expeller (PKE) leftover. For that purpose, black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are thus employed in this study to valorize the PKE waste. More specifically, this work elucidated the effects of the pre-fermentation of PKE via different amounts of Rhizopus oligosporus to enhance PKE palatability for the feeding of BSFL. The results showed that fermentation successfully enriched the raw PKE and thus contributed to the better growth of BSFL. BSFL grew to be 34% heavier at the optimum inoculum volume of 0.5 mL/10 g dry weight of PKE as compared to the control. Meanwhile, excessive fungal inoculum induced competition between BSFL and R. oligosporus, resulting in a reduction in BSFL weight. Under optimum feeding conditions, BSFL also registered the highest lipid
yield (24.7%) and protein yield (44.5%). The biodiesel derived from BSFL lipid had also shown good compliance with the European biodiesel standard EN 14214. The high saturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) content (C12:0, C14:0, C16:0) in derived biodiesel made it highly oxidatively stable.
Lastly, the superior degradation rate of PKE executed by BSFL further underpinned the sustainable conversion process in attaining valuable larval bioproducts. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T03:13:57Z |
| format | Article |
| id | ump-34400 |
| institution | Universiti Malaysia Pahang |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T03:13:57Z |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publisher | MDPI |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | ump-344002022-11-15T08:00:43Z http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/34400/ Fungal fermented palm kernel expeller as feed for black soldier fly larvae in producing protein and biodiesel Liew, Chin Seng Wong, Chung Yiin Abdelfattah, Eman A. Raksasat, Ratchaprapa Rawindran, Hemamalini Lim, Jun Wei Kiatkittipong, Worapon Kiatkittipong, Kunlanan Mohamad, Mardawani Yek, Peter Nai Yuh Herma Dina, Setiabudi Chin, Kui Cheng Lam, Su Shiung T Technology (General) TP Chemical technology Being the second-largest country in the production of palm oil, Malaysia has a massive amount of palm kernel expeller (PKE) leftover. For that purpose, black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are thus employed in this study to valorize the PKE waste. More specifically, this work elucidated the effects of the pre-fermentation of PKE via different amounts of Rhizopus oligosporus to enhance PKE palatability for the feeding of BSFL. The results showed that fermentation successfully enriched the raw PKE and thus contributed to the better growth of BSFL. BSFL grew to be 34% heavier at the optimum inoculum volume of 0.5 mL/10 g dry weight of PKE as compared to the control. Meanwhile, excessive fungal inoculum induced competition between BSFL and R. oligosporus, resulting in a reduction in BSFL weight. Under optimum feeding conditions, BSFL also registered the highest lipid yield (24.7%) and protein yield (44.5%). The biodiesel derived from BSFL lipid had also shown good compliance with the European biodiesel standard EN 14214. The high saturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) content (C12:0, C14:0, C16:0) in derived biodiesel made it highly oxidatively stable. Lastly, the superior degradation rate of PKE executed by BSFL further underpinned the sustainable conversion process in attaining valuable larval bioproducts. MDPI 2022 Article PeerReviewed pdf en cc_by_4 http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/34400/1/Fungal%20fermented%20palm%20kernel%20expeller%20as%20feed_FULL.pdf Liew, Chin Seng and Wong, Chung Yiin and Abdelfattah, Eman A. and Raksasat, Ratchaprapa and Rawindran, Hemamalini and Lim, Jun Wei and Kiatkittipong, Worapon and Kiatkittipong, Kunlanan and Mohamad, Mardawani and Yek, Peter Nai Yuh and Herma Dina, Setiabudi and Chin, Kui Cheng and Lam, Su Shiung (2022) Fungal fermented palm kernel expeller as feed for black soldier fly larvae in producing protein and biodiesel. Journals of Fungi, 8 (4). pp. 1-12. ISSN 2309-608X. (Published) https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040332 https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040332 |
| spellingShingle | T Technology (General) TP Chemical technology Liew, Chin Seng Wong, Chung Yiin Abdelfattah, Eman A. Raksasat, Ratchaprapa Rawindran, Hemamalini Lim, Jun Wei Kiatkittipong, Worapon Kiatkittipong, Kunlanan Mohamad, Mardawani Yek, Peter Nai Yuh Herma Dina, Setiabudi Chin, Kui Cheng Lam, Su Shiung Fungal fermented palm kernel expeller as feed for black soldier fly larvae in producing protein and biodiesel |
| title | Fungal fermented palm kernel expeller as feed for black soldier fly larvae in producing protein and biodiesel |
| title_full | Fungal fermented palm kernel expeller as feed for black soldier fly larvae in producing protein and biodiesel |
| title_fullStr | Fungal fermented palm kernel expeller as feed for black soldier fly larvae in producing protein and biodiesel |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fungal fermented palm kernel expeller as feed for black soldier fly larvae in producing protein and biodiesel |
| title_short | Fungal fermented palm kernel expeller as feed for black soldier fly larvae in producing protein and biodiesel |
| title_sort | fungal fermented palm kernel expeller as feed for black soldier fly larvae in producing protein and biodiesel |
| topic | T Technology (General) TP Chemical technology |
| url | http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/34400/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/34400/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/34400/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/34400/1/Fungal%20fermented%20palm%20kernel%20expeller%20as%20feed_FULL.pdf |