Developing a measure of polypharmacy appropriateness in primary care: systematic review and expert consensus study
Background: Polypharmacy is an increasing challenge for primary care. Although sometimes clinically justified, polypharmacy can be inappropriate, leading to undesirable outcomes. Optimising care for polypharmacy necessitates effective targeting and monitoring of interventions. This requires a valid,...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Published: |
BioMed Central
2018
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/51968/ |
| _version_ | 1848798615903928320 |
|---|---|
| author | Burt, Jenni Elmore, Natasha Campbell, Stephen. M. Rodgers, Sarah Avery, Anthony J. Payne, Rupert A. |
| author_facet | Burt, Jenni Elmore, Natasha Campbell, Stephen. M. Rodgers, Sarah Avery, Anthony J. Payne, Rupert A. |
| author_sort | Burt, Jenni |
| building | Nottingham Research Data Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Background: Polypharmacy is an increasing challenge for primary care. Although sometimes clinically justified, polypharmacy can be inappropriate, leading to undesirable outcomes. Optimising care for polypharmacy necessitates effective targeting and monitoring of interventions. This requires a valid, reliable measure of polypharmacy, relevant for all patients, that considers clinical appropriateness and generic prescribing issues applicable across all medications. Whilst there are several existing measures of potentially inappropriate prescribing, these are not specifically designed with polypharmacy in mind, can require extensive clinical input to complete, and often cover a limited number of drugs. The aim of this study was to identify what experts consider to be the key elements of a measure of prescribing appropriateness, in the context of polypharmacy.
Methods: Firstly, we conducted a systematic review to identify generic (not drug-specific) prescribing indicators relevant to polypharmacy appropriateness. Indicators were subject to content analysis to enable categorisation. Secondly, we convened a panel of 10 clinical experts to review the identified indicators and assess their relative clinical importance. For each indicator category, a brief evidence summary was developed, based on relevant clinical and indicator literature, clinical guidance, and opinions obtained from a separate patient discussion panel. A two-stage RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method was used to reach consensus amongst the panel on a core set of indicators of polypharmacy appropriateness.
Results: We identified 20,879 papers for title/abstract screening, obtaining 273 full papers. We extracted 189 generic indicators, and presented 160 to the panel grouped into 18 classifications (e.g. adherence, dosage, clinical efficacy). After two stages, during which the panel introduced 18 additional indicators, there was consensus that 134 indicators were of clinical importance. Following the application of decision rules, and further panel consultation, 12 indicators were placed into the final selection. Panel members particularly valued indicators concerned with adverse drug reactions, contraindications, drug-drug interactions, and the conduct of medication reviews.
Conclusions: We have identified a set of 12 indicators of clinical importance considered relevant to polypharmacy appropriateness. Use of these indicators in clinical practice and informatics systems is dependent on their operationalisation, and their utility (e.g. risk stratification, targeting and monitoring polypharmacy interventions) requires subsequent evaluation.
Trial registration: Registration number: PROSPERO (CRD42016049176) |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-14T20:22:36Z |
| format | Article |
| id | nottingham-51968 |
| institution | University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus |
| institution_category | Local University |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-14T20:22:36Z |
| publishDate | 2018 |
| publisher | BioMed Central |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | nottingham-519682020-05-04T19:50:08Z https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/51968/ Developing a measure of polypharmacy appropriateness in primary care: systematic review and expert consensus study Burt, Jenni Elmore, Natasha Campbell, Stephen. M. Rodgers, Sarah Avery, Anthony J. Payne, Rupert A. Background: Polypharmacy is an increasing challenge for primary care. Although sometimes clinically justified, polypharmacy can be inappropriate, leading to undesirable outcomes. Optimising care for polypharmacy necessitates effective targeting and monitoring of interventions. This requires a valid, reliable measure of polypharmacy, relevant for all patients, that considers clinical appropriateness and generic prescribing issues applicable across all medications. Whilst there are several existing measures of potentially inappropriate prescribing, these are not specifically designed with polypharmacy in mind, can require extensive clinical input to complete, and often cover a limited number of drugs. The aim of this study was to identify what experts consider to be the key elements of a measure of prescribing appropriateness, in the context of polypharmacy. Methods: Firstly, we conducted a systematic review to identify generic (not drug-specific) prescribing indicators relevant to polypharmacy appropriateness. Indicators were subject to content analysis to enable categorisation. Secondly, we convened a panel of 10 clinical experts to review the identified indicators and assess their relative clinical importance. For each indicator category, a brief evidence summary was developed, based on relevant clinical and indicator literature, clinical guidance, and opinions obtained from a separate patient discussion panel. A two-stage RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method was used to reach consensus amongst the panel on a core set of indicators of polypharmacy appropriateness. Results: We identified 20,879 papers for title/abstract screening, obtaining 273 full papers. We extracted 189 generic indicators, and presented 160 to the panel grouped into 18 classifications (e.g. adherence, dosage, clinical efficacy). After two stages, during which the panel introduced 18 additional indicators, there was consensus that 134 indicators were of clinical importance. Following the application of decision rules, and further panel consultation, 12 indicators were placed into the final selection. Panel members particularly valued indicators concerned with adverse drug reactions, contraindications, drug-drug interactions, and the conduct of medication reviews. Conclusions: We have identified a set of 12 indicators of clinical importance considered relevant to polypharmacy appropriateness. Use of these indicators in clinical practice and informatics systems is dependent on their operationalisation, and their utility (e.g. risk stratification, targeting and monitoring polypharmacy interventions) requires subsequent evaluation. Trial registration: Registration number: PROSPERO (CRD42016049176) BioMed Central 2018-12-01 Article PeerReviewed Burt, Jenni, Elmore, Natasha, Campbell, Stephen. M., Rodgers, Sarah, Avery, Anthony J. and Payne, Rupert A. (2018) Developing a measure of polypharmacy appropriateness in primary care: systematic review and expert consensus study. BMC Medicine, 16 . 91/1-91/15. ISSN 1741-7015 Polypharmacy; Primary Care; Inappropriate prescribing; Medication errors; Multimorbidity; Consensus methods; Systematic review https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12916-018-1078-7 doi:10.1186/s12916-018-1078-7 doi:10.1186/s12916-018-1078-7 |
| spellingShingle | Polypharmacy; Primary Care; Inappropriate prescribing; Medication errors; Multimorbidity; Consensus methods; Systematic review Burt, Jenni Elmore, Natasha Campbell, Stephen. M. Rodgers, Sarah Avery, Anthony J. Payne, Rupert A. Developing a measure of polypharmacy appropriateness in primary care: systematic review and expert consensus study |
| title | Developing a measure of polypharmacy appropriateness in primary care: systematic review and expert consensus study |
| title_full | Developing a measure of polypharmacy appropriateness in primary care: systematic review and expert consensus study |
| title_fullStr | Developing a measure of polypharmacy appropriateness in primary care: systematic review and expert consensus study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Developing a measure of polypharmacy appropriateness in primary care: systematic review and expert consensus study |
| title_short | Developing a measure of polypharmacy appropriateness in primary care: systematic review and expert consensus study |
| title_sort | developing a measure of polypharmacy appropriateness in primary care: systematic review and expert consensus study |
| topic | Polypharmacy; Primary Care; Inappropriate prescribing; Medication errors; Multimorbidity; Consensus methods; Systematic review |
| url | https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/51968/ https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/51968/ https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/51968/ |