Planck intermediate results. XLVII. Planck constraints on reionization history

We investigate constraints on cosmic reionization extracted from the Planck cosmic microwave background (CMB) data. We combine the Planck CMB anisotropy data in temperature with the low-multipole polarization data to fit ΛCDM models with various parameterizations of the reionization history. We obta...

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Main Authors:	Adam, R., Aghanim, N., Ashdown, M., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Ballardini, M., Banday, A.J., Barreiro, R.B., Bartolo, N., Basak, S., Battye, R., Benabed, K., Bernard, J.-P., Bersanelli, M., Bielewicz, P., Bock, J.J., Bonaldi, A., Bonavera, L., Bond, J.R., Borrill, J., Bouchet, F.R., Boulanger, F., Bucher, M., Burigana, C., Calabrese, E., Cardoso, J.-F., Carron, J., Chiang, H.C., Colombo, L.P.L., Combet, C., Comis, B., Couchot, F., Coulais, A., Crill, B.P., Curto, A., Cuttaia, F., Davis, R.J., de Bernardis, P., de Rosa, A., de Zotti, G., Delabrouille, J., Di Valentino, E., Dickinson, C., Diego, J.M., Doré, O., Douspis, M., Ducout, A., Dupac, X., Elsner, F., Enßlin, T.A., Eriksen, H.K., Falgarone, E., Fantaye, Y., Finelli, F., Forastieri, F., Frailis, M., Fraisse, A.A., Franceschi, E., Frolov, A., Galeotta, S., Galli, S., Ganga, K., Génova-Santos, R.T., Gerbino, M., Ghosh, T., González-Nuevo, J., Górski, K.M., Gruppuso, A., Gudmundsson, J.E., Hansen, F.K., Helou, G., Henrot-Versillé, S., Herranz, D., Hivon, E., Huang, Z., Ilić, S., Jaffe, A.H., Jones, W.C., Keihänen, E., Keskitalo, R., Kisner, T.S., Knox, L., Krachmalnicoff, N., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lagache, G., Lähteenmäki, A., Lamarre, J.-M., Langer, M., Lasenby, A., Lattanzi, M., Lawrence, C.R., Le Jeune, M., Levrier, F., Lewis, A., Liguori, M., Lilje, P.B., López-Caniego, M., Ma, Y.-Z., Macías-Pérez, J.F., Maggio, G., Mangilli, A., Maris, M., Martin, P.G., Martínez-González, E., Matarrese, S., Mauri, N., McEwen, J.D., Meinhold, P.R., Melchiorri, A., Mennella, A., Migliaccio, M., Miville-Deschênes, M.-A., Molinari, D., Moneti, A., Montier, L., Morgante, G., Moss, Adam, Naselsky, P., Natoli, P., Oxborrow, C.A., Pagano, L., Paoletti, D., Partridge, B., Patanchon, G., Patrizii, L., Perdereau, O., Perotto, L., Pettorino, V., Piacentini, F., Plaszczynski, S., Polastri, L., Polenta, G., Puget, J.-L., Rachen, J.P., Racine, B., Reinecke, M., Remazeilles, M., Renzi, A., Rocha, G., Rossetti, M., Roudier, G., Rubiño-Martín, J.A., Ruiz-Granados, B., Salvati, L., Sandri, M., Savelainen, M., Scott, D., Sirri, G., Sunyaev, R., Suur-Uski, A.-S., Tauber, J.A., Tenti, M., Toffolatti, L., Tomasi, M., Tristram, M., Trombetti, T., Valiviita, J., Van Tent, F., Vielva, P., Villa, F., Vittorio, N., Wandelt, B.D., Wehus, I.K., White, M., Zacchei, A., Zonca, A.
Format:	Article
Published:	EDP Sciences 2016
Subjects:	cosmic background radiation; dark ages reionization first stars; polarization
Online Access:	https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/42388/

_version_	1848796475747729408
author	Adam, R. Aghanim, N. Ashdown, M. Aumont, J. Baccigalupi, C. Ballardini, M. Banday, A.J. Barreiro, R.B. Bartolo, N. Basak, S. Battye, R. Benabed, K. Bernard, J.-P. Bersanelli, M. Bielewicz, P. Bock, J.J. Bonaldi, A. Bonavera, L. Bond, J.R. Borrill, J. Bouchet, F.R. Boulanger, F. Bucher, M. Burigana, C. Calabrese, E. Cardoso, J.-F. Carron, J. Chiang, H.C. Colombo, L.P.L. Combet, C. Comis, B. Couchot, F. Coulais, A. Crill, B.P. Curto, A. Cuttaia, F. Davis, R.J. de Bernardis, P. de Rosa, A. de Zotti, G. Delabrouille, J. Di Valentino, E. Dickinson, C. Diego, J.M. Doré, O. Douspis, M. Ducout, A. Dupac, X. Elsner, F. Enßlin, T.A. Eriksen, H.K. Falgarone, E. Fantaye, Y. Finelli, F. Forastieri, F. Frailis, M. Fraisse, A.A. Franceschi, E. Frolov, A. Galeotta, S. Galli, S. Ganga, K. Génova-Santos, R.T. Gerbino, M. Ghosh, T. González-Nuevo, J. Górski, K.M. Gruppuso, A. Gudmundsson, J.E. Hansen, F.K. Helou, G. Henrot-Versillé, S. Herranz, D. Hivon, E. Huang, Z. Ilić, S. Jaffe, A.H. Jones, W.C. Keihänen, E. Keskitalo, R. Kisner, T.S. Knox, L. Krachmalnicoff, N. Kunz, M. Kurki-Suonio, H. Lagache, G. Lähteenmäki, A. Lamarre, J.-M. Langer, M. Lasenby, A. Lattanzi, M. Lawrence, C.R. Le Jeune, M. Levrier, F. Lewis, A. Liguori, M. Lilje, P.B. López-Caniego, M. Ma, Y.-Z. Macías-Pérez, J.F. Maggio, G. Mangilli, A. Maris, M. Martin, P.G. Martínez-González, E. Matarrese, S. Mauri, N. McEwen, J.D. Meinhold, P.R. Melchiorri, A. Mennella, A. Migliaccio, M. Miville-Deschênes, M.-A. Molinari, D. Moneti, A. Montier, L. Morgante, G. Moss, Adam Naselsky, P. Natoli, P. Oxborrow, C.A. Pagano, L. Paoletti, D. Partridge, B. Patanchon, G. Patrizii, L. Perdereau, O. Perotto, L. Pettorino, V. Piacentini, F. Plaszczynski, S. Polastri, L. Polenta, G. Puget, J.-L. Rachen, J.P. Racine, B. Reinecke, M. Remazeilles, M. Renzi, A. Rocha, G. Rossetti, M. Roudier, G. Rubiño-Martín, J.A. Ruiz-Granados, B. Salvati, L. Sandri, M. Savelainen, M. Scott, D. Sirri, G. Sunyaev, R. Suur-Uski, A.-S. Tauber, J.A. Tenti, M. Toffolatti, L. Tomasi, M. Tristram, M. Trombetti, T. Valiviita, J. Van Tent, F. Vielva, P. Villa, F. Vittorio, N. Wandelt, B.D. Wehus, I.K. White, M. Zacchei, A. Zonca, A.
author_facet	Adam, R. Aghanim, N. Ashdown, M. Aumont, J. Baccigalupi, C. Ballardini, M. Banday, A.J. Barreiro, R.B. Bartolo, N. Basak, S. Battye, R. Benabed, K. Bernard, J.-P. Bersanelli, M. Bielewicz, P. Bock, J.J. Bonaldi, A. Bonavera, L. Bond, J.R. Borrill, J. Bouchet, F.R. Boulanger, F. Bucher, M. Burigana, C. Calabrese, E. Cardoso, J.-F. Carron, J. Chiang, H.C. Colombo, L.P.L. Combet, C. Comis, B. Couchot, F. Coulais, A. Crill, B.P. Curto, A. Cuttaia, F. Davis, R.J. de Bernardis, P. de Rosa, A. de Zotti, G. Delabrouille, J. Di Valentino, E. Dickinson, C. Diego, J.M. Doré, O. Douspis, M. Ducout, A. Dupac, X. Elsner, F. Enßlin, T.A. Eriksen, H.K. Falgarone, E. Fantaye, Y. Finelli, F. Forastieri, F. Frailis, M. Fraisse, A.A. Franceschi, E. Frolov, A. Galeotta, S. Galli, S. Ganga, K. Génova-Santos, R.T. Gerbino, M. Ghosh, T. González-Nuevo, J. Górski, K.M. Gruppuso, A. Gudmundsson, J.E. Hansen, F.K. Helou, G. Henrot-Versillé, S. Herranz, D. Hivon, E. Huang, Z. Ilić, S. Jaffe, A.H. Jones, W.C. Keihänen, E. Keskitalo, R. Kisner, T.S. Knox, L. Krachmalnicoff, N. Kunz, M. Kurki-Suonio, H. Lagache, G. Lähteenmäki, A. Lamarre, J.-M. Langer, M. Lasenby, A. Lattanzi, M. Lawrence, C.R. Le Jeune, M. Levrier, F. Lewis, A. Liguori, M. Lilje, P.B. López-Caniego, M. Ma, Y.-Z. Macías-Pérez, J.F. Maggio, G. Mangilli, A. Maris, M. Martin, P.G. Martínez-González, E. Matarrese, S. Mauri, N. McEwen, J.D. Meinhold, P.R. Melchiorri, A. Mennella, A. Migliaccio, M. Miville-Deschênes, M.-A. Molinari, D. Moneti, A. Montier, L. Morgante, G. Moss, Adam Naselsky, P. Natoli, P. Oxborrow, C.A. Pagano, L. Paoletti, D. Partridge, B. Patanchon, G. Patrizii, L. Perdereau, O. Perotto, L. Pettorino, V. Piacentini, F. Plaszczynski, S. Polastri, L. Polenta, G. Puget, J.-L. Rachen, J.P. Racine, B. Reinecke, M. Remazeilles, M. Renzi, A. Rocha, G. Rossetti, M. Roudier, G. Rubiño-Martín, J.A. Ruiz-Granados, B. Salvati, L. Sandri, M. Savelainen, M. Scott, D. Sirri, G. Sunyaev, R. Suur-Uski, A.-S. Tauber, J.A. Tenti, M. Toffolatti, L. Tomasi, M. Tristram, M. Trombetti, T. Valiviita, J. Van Tent, F. Vielva, P. Villa, F. Vittorio, N. Wandelt, B.D. Wehus, I.K. White, M. Zacchei, A. Zonca, A.
author_sort	Adam, R.
building	Nottingham Research Data Repository
collection	Online Access
description	We investigate constraints on cosmic reionization extracted from the Planck cosmic microwave background (CMB) data. We combine the Planck CMB anisotropy data in temperature with the low-multipole polarization data to fit ΛCDM models with various parameterizations of the reionization history. We obtain a Thomson optical depth τ = 0.058 ± 0.012 for the commonly adopted instantaneous reionization model. This confirms, with data solely from CMB anisotropies, the low value suggested by combining Planck 2015 results with other data sets, and also reduces the uncertainties. We reconstruct the history of the ionization fraction using either a symmetric or an asymmetric model for the transition between the neutral and ionized phases. To determine better constraints on the duration of the reionization process, we also make use of measurements of the amplitude of the kinetic Sunyaev-Zeldovich (kSZ) effect using additional information from the high-resolution Atacama Cosmology Telescope and South Pole Telescope experiments. The average redshift at which reionization occurs is found to lie between z = 7.8 and 8.8, depending on the model of reionization adopted. Using kSZ constraints and a redshift-symmetric reionization model, we find an upper limit to the width of the reionization period of Δz < 2.8. In all cases, we find that the Universe is ionized at less than the 10% level at redshifts above z ≃ 10. This suggests that an early onset of reionization is strongly disfavoured by the Planck data. We show that this result also reduces the tension between CMB-based analyses and constraints from other astrophysical sources.
first_indexed	2025-11-14T19:48:35Z
format	Article
id	nottingham-42388
institution	University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus
institution_category	Local University
last_indexed	2025-11-14T19:48:35Z
publishDate	2016
publisher	EDP Sciences
recordtype	eprints
repository_type	Digital Repository
spelling	nottingham-423882020-05-04T18:26:13Z https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/42388/ Planck intermediate results. XLVII. Planck constraints on reionization history Adam, R. Aghanim, N. Ashdown, M. Aumont, J. Baccigalupi, C. Ballardini, M. Banday, A.J. Barreiro, R.B. Bartolo, N. Basak, S. Battye, R. Benabed, K. Bernard, J.-P. Bersanelli, M. Bielewicz, P. Bock, J.J. Bonaldi, A. Bonavera, L. Bond, J.R. Borrill, J. Bouchet, F.R. Boulanger, F. Bucher, M. Burigana, C. Calabrese, E. Cardoso, J.-F. Carron, J. Chiang, H.C. Colombo, L.P.L. Combet, C. Comis, B. Couchot, F. Coulais, A. Crill, B.P. Curto, A. Cuttaia, F. Davis, R.J. de Bernardis, P. de Rosa, A. de Zotti, G. Delabrouille, J. Di Valentino, E. Dickinson, C. Diego, J.M. Doré, O. Douspis, M. Ducout, A. Dupac, X. Elsner, F. Enßlin, T.A. Eriksen, H.K. Falgarone, E. Fantaye, Y. Finelli, F. Forastieri, F. Frailis, M. Fraisse, A.A. Franceschi, E. Frolov, A. Galeotta, S. Galli, S. Ganga, K. Génova-Santos, R.T. Gerbino, M. Ghosh, T. González-Nuevo, J. Górski, K.M. Gruppuso, A. Gudmundsson, J.E. Hansen, F.K. Helou, G. Henrot-Versillé, S. Herranz, D. Hivon, E. Huang, Z. Ilić, S. Jaffe, A.H. Jones, W.C. Keihänen, E. Keskitalo, R. Kisner, T.S. Knox, L. Krachmalnicoff, N. Kunz, M. Kurki-Suonio, H. Lagache, G. Lähteenmäki, A. Lamarre, J.-M. Langer, M. Lasenby, A. Lattanzi, M. Lawrence, C.R. Le Jeune, M. Levrier, F. Lewis, A. Liguori, M. Lilje, P.B. López-Caniego, M. Ma, Y.-Z. Macías-Pérez, J.F. Maggio, G. Mangilli, A. Maris, M. Martin, P.G. Martínez-González, E. Matarrese, S. Mauri, N. McEwen, J.D. Meinhold, P.R. Melchiorri, A. Mennella, A. Migliaccio, M. Miville-Deschênes, M.-A. Molinari, D. Moneti, A. Montier, L. Morgante, G. Moss, Adam Naselsky, P. Natoli, P. Oxborrow, C.A. Pagano, L. Paoletti, D. Partridge, B. Patanchon, G. Patrizii, L. Perdereau, O. Perotto, L. Pettorino, V. Piacentini, F. Plaszczynski, S. Polastri, L. Polenta, G. Puget, J.-L. Rachen, J.P. Racine, B. Reinecke, M. Remazeilles, M. Renzi, A. Rocha, G. Rossetti, M. Roudier, G. Rubiño-Martín, J.A. Ruiz-Granados, B. Salvati, L. Sandri, M. Savelainen, M. Scott, D. Sirri, G. Sunyaev, R. Suur-Uski, A.-S. Tauber, J.A. Tenti, M. Toffolatti, L. Tomasi, M. Tristram, M. Trombetti, T. Valiviita, J. Van Tent, F. Vielva, P. Villa, F. Vittorio, N. Wandelt, B.D. Wehus, I.K. White, M. Zacchei, A. Zonca, A. We investigate constraints on cosmic reionization extracted from the Planck cosmic microwave background (CMB) data. We combine the Planck CMB anisotropy data in temperature with the low-multipole polarization data to fit ΛCDM models with various parameterizations of the reionization history. We obtain a Thomson optical depth τ = 0.058 ± 0.012 for the commonly adopted instantaneous reionization model. This confirms, with data solely from CMB anisotropies, the low value suggested by combining Planck 2015 results with other data sets, and also reduces the uncertainties. We reconstruct the history of the ionization fraction using either a symmetric or an asymmetric model for the transition between the neutral and ionized phases. To determine better constraints on the duration of the reionization process, we also make use of measurements of the amplitude of the kinetic Sunyaev-Zeldovich (kSZ) effect using additional information from the high-resolution Atacama Cosmology Telescope and South Pole Telescope experiments. The average redshift at which reionization occurs is found to lie between z = 7.8 and 8.8, depending on the model of reionization adopted. Using kSZ constraints and a redshift-symmetric reionization model, we find an upper limit to the width of the reionization period of Δz < 2.8. In all cases, we find that the Universe is ionized at less than the 10% level at redshifts above z ≃ 10. This suggests that an early onset of reionization is strongly disfavoured by the Planck data. We show that this result also reduces the tension between CMB-based analyses and constraints from other astrophysical sources. EDP Sciences 2016-12-12 Article PeerReviewed Adam, R., Aghanim, N., Ashdown, M., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Ballardini, M., Banday, A.J., Barreiro, R.B., Bartolo, N., Basak, S., Battye, R., Benabed, K., Bernard, J.-P., Bersanelli, M., Bielewicz, P., Bock, J.J., Bonaldi, A., Bonavera, L., Bond, J.R., Borrill, J., Bouchet, F.R., Boulanger, F., Bucher, M., Burigana, C., Calabrese, E., Cardoso, J.-F., Carron, J., Chiang, H.C., Colombo, L.P.L., Combet, C., Comis, B., Couchot, F., Coulais, A., Crill, B.P., Curto, A., Cuttaia, F., Davis, R.J., de Bernardis, P., de Rosa, A., de Zotti, G., Delabrouille, J., Di Valentino, E., Dickinson, C., Diego, J.M., Doré, O., Douspis, M., Ducout, A., Dupac, X., Elsner, F., Enßlin, T.A., Eriksen, H.K., Falgarone, E., Fantaye, Y., Finelli, F., Forastieri, F., Frailis, M., Fraisse, A.A., Franceschi, E., Frolov, A., Galeotta, S., Galli, S., Ganga, K., Génova-Santos, R.T., Gerbino, M., Ghosh, T., González-Nuevo, J., Górski, K.M., Gruppuso, A., Gudmundsson, J.E., Hansen, F.K., Helou, G., Henrot-Versillé, S., Herranz, D., Hivon, E., Huang, Z., Ilić, S., Jaffe, A.H., Jones, W.C., Keihänen, E., Keskitalo, R., Kisner, T.S., Knox, L., Krachmalnicoff, N., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lagache, G., Lähteenmäki, A., Lamarre, J.-M., Langer, M., Lasenby, A., Lattanzi, M., Lawrence, C.R., Le Jeune, M., Levrier, F., Lewis, A., Liguori, M., Lilje, P.B., López-Caniego, M., Ma, Y.-Z., Macías-Pérez, J.F., Maggio, G., Mangilli, A., Maris, M., Martin, P.G., Martínez-González, E., Matarrese, S., Mauri, N., McEwen, J.D., Meinhold, P.R., Melchiorri, A., Mennella, A., Migliaccio, M., Miville-Deschênes, M.-A., Molinari, D., Moneti, A., Montier, L., Morgante, G., Moss, Adam, Naselsky, P., Natoli, P., Oxborrow, C.A., Pagano, L., Paoletti, D., Partridge, B., Patanchon, G., Patrizii, L., Perdereau, O., Perotto, L., Pettorino, V., Piacentini, F., Plaszczynski, S., Polastri, L., Polenta, G., Puget, J.-L., Rachen, J.P., Racine, B., Reinecke, M., Remazeilles, M., Renzi, A., Rocha, G., Rossetti, M., Roudier, G., Rubiño-Martín, J.A., Ruiz-Granados, B., Salvati, L., Sandri, M., Savelainen, M., Scott, D., Sirri, G., Sunyaev, R., Suur-Uski, A.-S., Tauber, J.A., Tenti, M., Toffolatti, L., Tomasi, M., Tristram, M., Trombetti, T., Valiviita, J., Van Tent, F., Vielva, P., Villa, F., Vittorio, N., Wandelt, B.D., Wehus, I.K., White, M., Zacchei, A. and Zonca, A. (2016) Planck intermediate results. XLVII. Planck constraints on reionization history. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 596 . A108/1-A108/19. ISSN 0004-6361 cosmic background radiation; dark ages reionization first stars; polarization http://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2016/12/aa28897-16/aa28897-16.html doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201628897 doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201628897
spellingShingle	cosmic background radiation; dark ages reionization first stars; polarization Adam, R. Aghanim, N. Ashdown, M. Aumont, J. Baccigalupi, C. Ballardini, M. Banday, A.J. Barreiro, R.B. Bartolo, N. Basak, S. Battye, R. Benabed, K. Bernard, J.-P. Bersanelli, M. Bielewicz, P. Bock, J.J. Bonaldi, A. Bonavera, L. Bond, J.R. Borrill, J. Bouchet, F.R. Boulanger, F. Bucher, M. Burigana, C. Calabrese, E. Cardoso, J.-F. Carron, J. Chiang, H.C. Colombo, L.P.L. Combet, C. Comis, B. Couchot, F. Coulais, A. Crill, B.P. Curto, A. Cuttaia, F. Davis, R.J. de Bernardis, P. de Rosa, A. de Zotti, G. Delabrouille, J. Di Valentino, E. Dickinson, C. Diego, J.M. Doré, O. Douspis, M. Ducout, A. Dupac, X. Elsner, F. Enßlin, T.A. Eriksen, H.K. Falgarone, E. Fantaye, Y. Finelli, F. Forastieri, F. Frailis, M. Fraisse, A.A. Franceschi, E. Frolov, A. Galeotta, S. Galli, S. Ganga, K. Génova-Santos, R.T. Gerbino, M. Ghosh, T. González-Nuevo, J. Górski, K.M. Gruppuso, A. Gudmundsson, J.E. Hansen, F.K. Helou, G. Henrot-Versillé, S. Herranz, D. Hivon, E. Huang, Z. Ilić, S. Jaffe, A.H. Jones, W.C. Keihänen, E. Keskitalo, R. Kisner, T.S. Knox, L. Krachmalnicoff, N. Kunz, M. Kurki-Suonio, H. Lagache, G. Lähteenmäki, A. Lamarre, J.-M. Langer, M. Lasenby, A. Lattanzi, M. Lawrence, C.R. Le Jeune, M. Levrier, F. Lewis, A. Liguori, M. Lilje, P.B. López-Caniego, M. Ma, Y.-Z. Macías-Pérez, J.F. Maggio, G. Mangilli, A. Maris, M. Martin, P.G. Martínez-González, E. Matarrese, S. Mauri, N. McEwen, J.D. Meinhold, P.R. Melchiorri, A. Mennella, A. Migliaccio, M. Miville-Deschênes, M.-A. Molinari, D. Moneti, A. Montier, L. Morgante, G. Moss, Adam Naselsky, P. Natoli, P. Oxborrow, C.A. Pagano, L. Paoletti, D. Partridge, B. Patanchon, G. Patrizii, L. Perdereau, O. Perotto, L. Pettorino, V. Piacentini, F. Plaszczynski, S. Polastri, L. Polenta, G. Puget, J.-L. Rachen, J.P. Racine, B. Reinecke, M. Remazeilles, M. Renzi, A. Rocha, G. Rossetti, M. Roudier, G. Rubiño-Martín, J.A. Ruiz-Granados, B. Salvati, L. Sandri, M. Savelainen, M. Scott, D. Sirri, G. Sunyaev, R. Suur-Uski, A.-S. Tauber, J.A. Tenti, M. Toffolatti, L. Tomasi, M. Tristram, M. Trombetti, T. Valiviita, J. Van Tent, F. Vielva, P. Villa, F. Vittorio, N. Wandelt, B.D. Wehus, I.K. White, M. Zacchei, A. Zonca, A. Planck intermediate results. XLVII. Planck constraints on reionization history
title	Planck intermediate results. XLVII. Planck constraints on reionization history
title_full	Planck intermediate results. XLVII. Planck constraints on reionization history
title_fullStr	Planck intermediate results. XLVII. Planck constraints on reionization history
title_full_unstemmed	Planck intermediate results. XLVII. Planck constraints on reionization history
title_short	Planck intermediate results. XLVII. Planck constraints on reionization history
title_sort	planck intermediate results. xlvii. planck constraints on reionization history
topic	cosmic background radiation; dark ages reionization first stars; polarization
url	https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/42388/ https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/42388/ https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/42388/

Planck intermediate results. XLVII. Planck constraints on reionization history

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