Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Immune-Modulation

Extra-cellular vesicles (EVs) are bilayer membrane structures enriched with proteins, nucleic acids, and other active molecules and have been implicated in many physiological and pathological processes over the past decade. Recently, evidence suggests EVs to play a more dichotomic role in the regula...

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Main Authors:	Burrello, Jacopo, Monticone, Silvia, Gai, Chiara, Gomez, Yonathan, Kholia, Sharad, Camussi, Giovanni
Format:	Online
Language:	English
Published:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2016
Online Access:	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4992732/

id	pubmed-4992732
recordtype	oai_dc
spelling	pubmed-49927322016-09-05 Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Immune-Modulation Burrello, Jacopo Monticone, Silvia Gai, Chiara Gomez, Yonathan Kholia, Sharad Camussi, Giovanni Cell and Developmental Biology Extra-cellular vesicles (EVs) are bilayer membrane structures enriched with proteins, nucleic acids, and other active molecules and have been implicated in many physiological and pathological processes over the past decade. Recently, evidence suggests EVs to play a more dichotomic role in the regulation of the immune system, whereby an immune response may be enhanced or supressed by EVs depending on their cell of origin and its functional state. EVs derived from antigen (Ag)-presenting cells for instance, have been involved in both innate and acquired (or adaptive) immune responses, as Ag carriers or presenters, or as vehicles for delivering active signaling molecules. On the other hand, tumor and stem cell derived EVs have been identified to exert an inhibitory effect on immune responses by carrying immuno-modulatory effectors, such as transcriptional factors, non-coding RNA (Species), and cytokines. In addition, stem cell-derived EVs have also been reported to impair dendritic cell maturation and to regulate the activation, differentiation, and proliferation of B cells. They have been shown to control natural killer cell activity and to suppress the innate immune response (IIR). Studies reporting the role of EVs on T lymphocyte modulation are controversial. Discrepancy in literature may be due to stem cell culture conditions, methods of EV purification, EV molecular content, and functional state of both parental and target cells. However, mesenchymal stem cell-derived EVs were shown to play a more suppressive role by shifting T cells from an activated to a T regulatory phenotype. In this review, we will discuss how stem cell-derived EVs may contribute toward the modulation of the immune response. Collectively, stem cell-derived EVs mainly exhibit an inhibitory effect on the immune system. Frontiers Media S.A. 2016-08-22 /pmc/articles/PMC4992732/ /pubmed/27597941 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2016.00083 Text en Copyright © 2016 Burrello, Monticone, Gai, Gomez, Kholia and Camussi. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
repository_type	Open Access Journal
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	US National Center for Biotechnology Information
building	NCBI PubMed
collection	Online Access
language	English
format	Online
author	Burrello, Jacopo Monticone, Silvia Gai, Chiara Gomez, Yonathan Kholia, Sharad Camussi, Giovanni
spellingShingle	Burrello, Jacopo Monticone, Silvia Gai, Chiara Gomez, Yonathan Kholia, Sharad Camussi, Giovanni Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Immune-Modulation
author_facet	Burrello, Jacopo Monticone, Silvia Gai, Chiara Gomez, Yonathan Kholia, Sharad Camussi, Giovanni
author_sort	Burrello, Jacopo
title	Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Immune-Modulation
title_short	Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Immune-Modulation
title_full	Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Immune-Modulation
title_fullStr	Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Immune-Modulation
title_full_unstemmed	Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Immune-Modulation
title_sort	stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles and immune-modulation
description	Extra-cellular vesicles (EVs) are bilayer membrane structures enriched with proteins, nucleic acids, and other active molecules and have been implicated in many physiological and pathological processes over the past decade. Recently, evidence suggests EVs to play a more dichotomic role in the regulation of the immune system, whereby an immune response may be enhanced or supressed by EVs depending on their cell of origin and its functional state. EVs derived from antigen (Ag)-presenting cells for instance, have been involved in both innate and acquired (or adaptive) immune responses, as Ag carriers or presenters, or as vehicles for delivering active signaling molecules. On the other hand, tumor and stem cell derived EVs have been identified to exert an inhibitory effect on immune responses by carrying immuno-modulatory effectors, such as transcriptional factors, non-coding RNA (Species), and cytokines. In addition, stem cell-derived EVs have also been reported to impair dendritic cell maturation and to regulate the activation, differentiation, and proliferation of B cells. They have been shown to control natural killer cell activity and to suppress the innate immune response (IIR). Studies reporting the role of EVs on T lymphocyte modulation are controversial. Discrepancy in literature may be due to stem cell culture conditions, methods of EV purification, EV molecular content, and functional state of both parental and target cells. However, mesenchymal stem cell-derived EVs were shown to play a more suppressive role by shifting T cells from an activated to a T regulatory phenotype. In this review, we will discuss how stem cell-derived EVs may contribute toward the modulation of the immune response. Collectively, stem cell-derived EVs mainly exhibit an inhibitory effect on the immune system.
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2016
url	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4992732/
_version_	1613631560362229760

Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Immune-Modulation

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