Neuroprotective and Therapeutic Strategies against Parkinson’s Disease: Recent Perspectives
Parkinsonism is a progressive motor disease that affects 1.5 million Americans and is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s. Typical neuropathological features of Parkinson’s disease (PD) include degeneration of dopaminergic neurons located in the pars compacta of the su...
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Online |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI
2016
|
| Online Access: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4926438/ |
| id |
pubmed-4926438 |
|---|---|
| recordtype |
oai_dc |
| spelling |
pubmed-49264382016-07-06 Neuroprotective and Therapeutic Strategies against Parkinson’s Disease: Recent Perspectives Sarkar, Sumit Raymick, James Imam, Syed Review Parkinsonism is a progressive motor disease that affects 1.5 million Americans and is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s. Typical neuropathological features of Parkinson’s disease (PD) include degeneration of dopaminergic neurons located in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra that project to the striatum (nigro-striatal pathway) and depositions of cytoplasmic fibrillary inclusions (Lewy bodies) which contain ubiquitin and α-synuclein. The cardinal motor signs of PD are tremors, rigidity, slow movement (bradykinesia), poor balance, and difficulty in walking (Parkinsonian gait). In addition to motor symptoms, non-motor symptoms that include autonomic and psychiatric as well as cognitive impairments are pressing issues that need to be addressed. Several different mechanisms play an important role in generation of Lewy bodies; endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induced unfolded proteins, neuroinflammation and eventual loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of mid brain in PD. Moreover, these diverse processes that result in PD make modeling of the disease and evaluation of therapeutics against this devastating disease difficult. Here, we will discuss diverse mechanisms that are involved in PD, neuroprotective and therapeutic strategies currently in clinical trial or in preclinical stages, and impart views about strategies that are promising to mitigate PD pathology. MDPI 2016-06-08 /pmc/articles/PMC4926438/ /pubmed/27338353 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms17060904 Text en © 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
| repository_type |
Open Access Journal |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
| institution |
US National Center for Biotechnology Information |
| building |
NCBI PubMed |
| collection |
Online Access |
| language |
English |
| format |
Online |
| author |
Sarkar, Sumit Raymick, James Imam, Syed |
| spellingShingle |
Sarkar, Sumit Raymick, James Imam, Syed Neuroprotective and Therapeutic Strategies against Parkinson’s Disease: Recent Perspectives |
| author_facet |
Sarkar, Sumit Raymick, James Imam, Syed |
| author_sort |
Sarkar, Sumit |
| title |
Neuroprotective and Therapeutic Strategies against Parkinson’s Disease: Recent Perspectives |
| title_short |
Neuroprotective and Therapeutic Strategies against Parkinson’s Disease: Recent Perspectives |
| title_full |
Neuroprotective and Therapeutic Strategies against Parkinson’s Disease: Recent Perspectives |
| title_fullStr |
Neuroprotective and Therapeutic Strategies against Parkinson’s Disease: Recent Perspectives |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Neuroprotective and Therapeutic Strategies against Parkinson’s Disease: Recent Perspectives |
| title_sort |
neuroprotective and therapeutic strategies against parkinson’s disease: recent perspectives |
| description |
Parkinsonism is a progressive motor disease that affects 1.5 million Americans and is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s. Typical neuropathological features of Parkinson’s disease (PD) include degeneration of dopaminergic neurons located in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra that project to the striatum (nigro-striatal pathway) and depositions of cytoplasmic fibrillary inclusions (Lewy bodies) which contain ubiquitin and α-synuclein. The cardinal motor signs of PD are tremors, rigidity, slow movement (bradykinesia), poor balance, and difficulty in walking (Parkinsonian gait). In addition to motor symptoms, non-motor symptoms that include autonomic and psychiatric as well as cognitive impairments are pressing issues that need to be addressed. Several different mechanisms play an important role in generation of Lewy bodies; endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induced unfolded proteins, neuroinflammation and eventual loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of mid brain in PD. Moreover, these diverse processes that result in PD make modeling of the disease and evaluation of therapeutics against this devastating disease difficult. Here, we will discuss diverse mechanisms that are involved in PD, neuroprotective and therapeutic strategies currently in clinical trial or in preclinical stages, and impart views about strategies that are promising to mitigate PD pathology. |
| publisher |
MDPI |
| publishDate |
2016 |
| url |
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4926438/ |
| _version_ |
1613601471646924800 |