Surface freezing of water
Freezing, melting, evaporation and condensation of water are essential ingredients for climate and eventually life on Earth. In the present work, we show how surface freezing of supercooled water in an open container is conditioned and triggered—exclusively—by humidity in air. Additionally, a change...
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| Format: | Online |
| Language: | English |
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Springer International Publishing
2016
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| Online Access: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4870584/ |
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pubmed-48705842016-06-21 Surface freezing of water Pérez-Díaz, J. L. Álvarez-Valenzuela, M. A. Rodríguez-Celis, F. Research Freezing, melting, evaporation and condensation of water are essential ingredients for climate and eventually life on Earth. In the present work, we show how surface freezing of supercooled water in an open container is conditioned and triggered—exclusively—by humidity in air. Additionally, a change of phase is demonstrated to be triggered on the water surface forming surface ice crystals prior to freezing of bulk. The symmetry of the surface crystal, as well as the freezing point, depend on humidity, presenting at least three different types of surface crystals. Humidity triggers surface freezing as soon as it overpasses a defined value for a given temperature, generating a plurality of nucleation nodes. An evidence of simultaneous nucleation of surface ice crystals is also provided. Springer International Publishing 2016-05-16 /pmc/articles/PMC4870584/ /pubmed/27330895 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2196-3 Text en © The Author(s). 2016 Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. |
| repository_type |
Open Access Journal |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
| institution |
US National Center for Biotechnology Information |
| building |
NCBI PubMed |
| collection |
Online Access |
| language |
English |
| format |
Online |
| author |
Pérez-Díaz, J. L. Álvarez-Valenzuela, M. A. Rodríguez-Celis, F. |
| spellingShingle |
Pérez-Díaz, J. L. Álvarez-Valenzuela, M. A. Rodríguez-Celis, F. Surface freezing of water |
| author_facet |
Pérez-Díaz, J. L. Álvarez-Valenzuela, M. A. Rodríguez-Celis, F. |
| author_sort |
Pérez-Díaz, J. L. |
| title |
Surface freezing of water |
| title_short |
Surface freezing of water |
| title_full |
Surface freezing of water |
| title_fullStr |
Surface freezing of water |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Surface freezing of water |
| title_sort |
surface freezing of water |
| description |
Freezing, melting, evaporation and condensation of water are essential ingredients for climate and eventually life on Earth. In the present work, we show how surface freezing of supercooled water in an open container is conditioned and triggered—exclusively—by humidity in air. Additionally, a change of phase is demonstrated to be triggered on the water surface forming surface ice crystals prior to freezing of bulk. The symmetry of the surface crystal, as well as the freezing point, depend on humidity, presenting at least three different types of surface crystals. Humidity triggers surface freezing as soon as it overpasses a defined value for a given temperature, generating a plurality of nucleation nodes. An evidence of simultaneous nucleation of surface ice crystals is also provided. |
| publisher |
Springer International Publishing |
| publishDate |
2016 |
| url |
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4870584/ |
| _version_ |
1613580616140324864 |