Molecular Mechanisms of HTLV-1 Cell-to-Cell Transmission

The tumorvirus human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), a member of the delta-retrovirus family, is transmitted via cell-containing body fluids such as blood products, semen, and breast milk. In vivo, HTLV-1 preferentially infects CD4+ T-cells, and to a lesser extent, CD8+ T-cells, dendritic...

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Main Authors:	Gross, Christine, Thoma-Kress, Andrea K.
Format:	Online
Language:	English
Published:	MDPI 2016
Online Access:	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4810264/

id	pubmed-4810264
recordtype	oai_dc
spelling	pubmed-48102642016-04-04 Molecular Mechanisms of HTLV-1 Cell-to-Cell Transmission Gross, Christine Thoma-Kress, Andrea K. Review The tumorvirus human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), a member of the delta-retrovirus family, is transmitted via cell-containing body fluids such as blood products, semen, and breast milk. In vivo, HTLV-1 preferentially infects CD4+ T-cells, and to a lesser extent, CD8+ T-cells, dendritic cells, and monocytes. Efficient infection of CD4+ T-cells requires cell-cell contacts while cell-free virus transmission is inefficient. Two types of cell-cell contacts have been described to be critical for HTLV-1 transmission, tight junctions and cellular conduits. Further, two non-exclusive mechanisms of virus transmission at cell-cell contacts have been proposed: (1) polarized budding of HTLV-1 into synaptic clefts; and (2) cell surface transfer of viral biofilms at virological synapses. In contrast to CD4+ T-cells, dendritic cells can be infected cell-free and, to a greater extent, via viral biofilms in vitro. Cell-to-cell transmission of HTLV-1 requires a coordinated action of steps in the virus infectious cycle with events in the cell-cell adhesion process; therefore, virus propagation from cell-to-cell depends on specific interactions between cellular and viral proteins. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of HTLV-1 transmission with a focus on the HTLV-1-encoded proteins Tax and p8, their impact on host cell factors mediating cell-cell contacts, cytoskeletal remodeling, and thus, virus propagation. MDPI 2016-03-09 /pmc/articles/PMC4810264/ /pubmed/27005656 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v8030074 Text en © 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons by Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
repository_type	Open Access Journal
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	US National Center for Biotechnology Information
building	NCBI PubMed
collection	Online Access
language	English
format	Online
author	Gross, Christine Thoma-Kress, Andrea K.
spellingShingle	Gross, Christine Thoma-Kress, Andrea K. Molecular Mechanisms of HTLV-1 Cell-to-Cell Transmission
author_facet	Gross, Christine Thoma-Kress, Andrea K.
author_sort	Gross, Christine
title	Molecular Mechanisms of HTLV-1 Cell-to-Cell Transmission
title_short	Molecular Mechanisms of HTLV-1 Cell-to-Cell Transmission
title_full	Molecular Mechanisms of HTLV-1 Cell-to-Cell Transmission
title_fullStr	Molecular Mechanisms of HTLV-1 Cell-to-Cell Transmission
title_full_unstemmed	Molecular Mechanisms of HTLV-1 Cell-to-Cell Transmission
title_sort	molecular mechanisms of htlv-1 cell-to-cell transmission
description	The tumorvirus human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), a member of the delta-retrovirus family, is transmitted via cell-containing body fluids such as blood products, semen, and breast milk. In vivo, HTLV-1 preferentially infects CD4+ T-cells, and to a lesser extent, CD8+ T-cells, dendritic cells, and monocytes. Efficient infection of CD4+ T-cells requires cell-cell contacts while cell-free virus transmission is inefficient. Two types of cell-cell contacts have been described to be critical for HTLV-1 transmission, tight junctions and cellular conduits. Further, two non-exclusive mechanisms of virus transmission at cell-cell contacts have been proposed: (1) polarized budding of HTLV-1 into synaptic clefts; and (2) cell surface transfer of viral biofilms at virological synapses. In contrast to CD4+ T-cells, dendritic cells can be infected cell-free and, to a greater extent, via viral biofilms in vitro. Cell-to-cell transmission of HTLV-1 requires a coordinated action of steps in the virus infectious cycle with events in the cell-cell adhesion process; therefore, virus propagation from cell-to-cell depends on specific interactions between cellular and viral proteins. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of HTLV-1 transmission with a focus on the HTLV-1-encoded proteins Tax and p8, their impact on host cell factors mediating cell-cell contacts, cytoskeletal remodeling, and thus, virus propagation.
publisher	MDPI
publishDate	2016
url	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4810264/
_version_	1613558611005407232

Molecular Mechanisms of HTLV-1 Cell-to-Cell Transmission

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