Who Is Spreading Avian Influenza in the Moving Duck Flock Farming Network of Indonesia?

Duck populations are considered to be a reservoir of Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus H5N1 in some agricultural production systems, as they are able to shed the virus for several days without clinical signs. Countries endemically affected with HPAI in Asia are characterised by producti...

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Main Authors:	Henning, Joerg, Pfeiffer, Dirk U., Stevenson, Mark, Yulianto, Didik, Priyono, Walujo, Meers, Joanne
Format:	Online
Language:	English
Published:	Public Library of Science 2016
Online Access:	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4809517/

id	pubmed-4809517
recordtype	oai_dc
spelling	pubmed-48095172016-04-05 Who Is Spreading Avian Influenza in the Moving Duck Flock Farming Network of Indonesia? Henning, Joerg Pfeiffer, Dirk U. Stevenson, Mark Yulianto, Didik Priyono, Walujo Meers, Joanne Research Article Duck populations are considered to be a reservoir of Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus H5N1 in some agricultural production systems, as they are able to shed the virus for several days without clinical signs. Countries endemically affected with HPAI in Asia are characterised by production systems where ducks are fed on post-harvest spilled rice. During this scavenging process it is common for ducks to come into contact with other duck flocks or wild birds, thereby providing opportunities for virus spread. Effective risk management for HPAI has been significantly compromised by a limited understanding of management of moving duck flocks in these countries, despite of a small number of recent investigations. Here, for the first time, we described the management of moving duck flocks and the structure of the moving duck flock network in quantitative terms so that factors influencing the risk of HPAIV transmission can be identified. By following moving duck flock farmers over a period of 6 months in Java, Indonesia, we were able to describe the movement of flocks and to characterise the network of various types of actors associated with the production system. We used these data to estimate the basic reproductive number for HPAI virus spread. Our results suggest that focussing HPAI prevention measures on duck flocks alone will not be sufficient. Instead, the role of transporters of moving duck flocks, hatcheries and rice paddy owners, in the spread of the HPAI virus needs to be recognised. Public Library of Science 2016-03-28 /pmc/articles/PMC4809517/ /pubmed/27019344 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152123 Text en © 2016 Henning et al http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
repository_type	Open Access Journal
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	US National Center for Biotechnology Information
building	NCBI PubMed
collection	Online Access
language	English
format	Online
author	Henning, Joerg Pfeiffer, Dirk U. Stevenson, Mark Yulianto, Didik Priyono, Walujo Meers, Joanne
spellingShingle	Henning, Joerg Pfeiffer, Dirk U. Stevenson, Mark Yulianto, Didik Priyono, Walujo Meers, Joanne Who Is Spreading Avian Influenza in the Moving Duck Flock Farming Network of Indonesia?
author_facet	Henning, Joerg Pfeiffer, Dirk U. Stevenson, Mark Yulianto, Didik Priyono, Walujo Meers, Joanne
author_sort	Henning, Joerg
title	Who Is Spreading Avian Influenza in the Moving Duck Flock Farming Network of Indonesia?
title_short	Who Is Spreading Avian Influenza in the Moving Duck Flock Farming Network of Indonesia?
title_full	Who Is Spreading Avian Influenza in the Moving Duck Flock Farming Network of Indonesia?
title_fullStr	Who Is Spreading Avian Influenza in the Moving Duck Flock Farming Network of Indonesia?
title_full_unstemmed	Who Is Spreading Avian Influenza in the Moving Duck Flock Farming Network of Indonesia?
title_sort	who is spreading avian influenza in the moving duck flock farming network of indonesia?
description	Duck populations are considered to be a reservoir of Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus H5N1 in some agricultural production systems, as they are able to shed the virus for several days without clinical signs. Countries endemically affected with HPAI in Asia are characterised by production systems where ducks are fed on post-harvest spilled rice. During this scavenging process it is common for ducks to come into contact with other duck flocks or wild birds, thereby providing opportunities for virus spread. Effective risk management for HPAI has been significantly compromised by a limited understanding of management of moving duck flocks in these countries, despite of a small number of recent investigations. Here, for the first time, we described the management of moving duck flocks and the structure of the moving duck flock network in quantitative terms so that factors influencing the risk of HPAIV transmission can be identified. By following moving duck flock farmers over a period of 6 months in Java, Indonesia, we were able to describe the movement of flocks and to characterise the network of various types of actors associated with the production system. We used these data to estimate the basic reproductive number for HPAI virus spread. Our results suggest that focussing HPAI prevention measures on duck flocks alone will not be sufficient. Instead, the role of transporters of moving duck flocks, hatcheries and rice paddy owners, in the spread of the HPAI virus needs to be recognised.
publisher	Public Library of Science
publishDate	2016
url	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4809517/
_version_	1613558377811542016

Who Is Spreading Avian Influenza in the Moving Duck Flock Farming Network of Indonesia?

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