Standards of ultrasound imaging of the adrenal glands

Adrenal glands are paired endocrine glands located over the upper renal poles. Adrenal pathologies have various clinical presentations. They can coexist with the hyperfunction of individual cortical zones or the medulla, insufficiency of the adrenal cortex or retained normal hormonal function. The m...

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Main Authors:	Słapa, Rafał Z., Jakubowski, Wiesław S., Dobruch-Sobczak, Katarzyna, Kasperlik-Załuska, Anna A.
Format:	Online
Language:	English
Published:	Medical Communications Sp. z o.o. 2015
Online Access:	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4710689/

id	pubmed-4710689
recordtype	oai_dc
spelling	pubmed-47106892016-01-22 Standards of ultrasound imaging of the adrenal glands Słapa, Rafał Z. Jakubowski, Wiesław S. Dobruch-Sobczak, Katarzyna Kasperlik-Załuska, Anna A. Review Adrenal glands are paired endocrine glands located over the upper renal poles. Adrenal pathologies have various clinical presentations. They can coexist with the hyperfunction of individual cortical zones or the medulla, insufficiency of the adrenal cortex or retained normal hormonal function. The most common adrenal masses are tumors incidentally detected in imaging examinations (ultrasound, tomography, magnetic resonance imaging), referred to as incidentalomas. They include a range of histopathological entities but cortical adenomas without hormonal hyperfunction are the most common. Each abdominal ultrasound scan of a child or adult should include the assessment of the suprarenal areas. If a previously non-reported, incidental solid focal lesion exceeding 1 cm (incidentaloma) is detected in the suprarenal area, computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging should be conducted to confirm its presence and for differentiation and the tumor functional status should be determined. Ultrasound imaging is also used to monitor adrenal incidentaloma that is not eligible for a surgery. The paper presents recommendations concerning the performance and assessment of ultrasound examinations of the adrenal glands and their pathological lesions. The article includes new ultrasound techniques, such as tissue harmonic imaging, spatial compound imaging, three-dimensional ultrasound, elastography, contrast-enhanced ultrasound and parametric imaging. The guidelines presented above are consistent with the recommendations of the Polish Ultrasound Society. Medical Communications Sp. z o.o. 2015-12-28 2015-12 /pmc/articles/PMC4710689/ /pubmed/26807295 http://dx.doi.org/10.15557/JoU.2015.0035 Text en 2015 Polish Ultrasound Society. Published by Medical Communications Sp. z o.o. All rights reserved. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License (CC BY-NC-ND). Reproduction is permitted for personal, educational, non-commercial use, provided that the original article is in whole, unmodified, and properly cited.
repository_type	Open Access Journal
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	US National Center for Biotechnology Information
building	NCBI PubMed
collection	Online Access
language	English
format	Online
author	Słapa, Rafał Z. Jakubowski, Wiesław S. Dobruch-Sobczak, Katarzyna Kasperlik-Załuska, Anna A.
spellingShingle	Słapa, Rafał Z. Jakubowski, Wiesław S. Dobruch-Sobczak, Katarzyna Kasperlik-Załuska, Anna A. Standards of ultrasound imaging of the adrenal glands
author_facet	Słapa, Rafał Z. Jakubowski, Wiesław S. Dobruch-Sobczak, Katarzyna Kasperlik-Załuska, Anna A.
author_sort	Słapa, Rafał Z.
title	Standards of ultrasound imaging of the adrenal glands
title_short	Standards of ultrasound imaging of the adrenal glands
title_full	Standards of ultrasound imaging of the adrenal glands
title_fullStr	Standards of ultrasound imaging of the adrenal glands
title_full_unstemmed	Standards of ultrasound imaging of the adrenal glands
title_sort	standards of ultrasound imaging of the adrenal glands
description	Adrenal glands are paired endocrine glands located over the upper renal poles. Adrenal pathologies have various clinical presentations. They can coexist with the hyperfunction of individual cortical zones or the medulla, insufficiency of the adrenal cortex or retained normal hormonal function. The most common adrenal masses are tumors incidentally detected in imaging examinations (ultrasound, tomography, magnetic resonance imaging), referred to as incidentalomas. They include a range of histopathological entities but cortical adenomas without hormonal hyperfunction are the most common. Each abdominal ultrasound scan of a child or adult should include the assessment of the suprarenal areas. If a previously non-reported, incidental solid focal lesion exceeding 1 cm (incidentaloma) is detected in the suprarenal area, computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging should be conducted to confirm its presence and for differentiation and the tumor functional status should be determined. Ultrasound imaging is also used to monitor adrenal incidentaloma that is not eligible for a surgery. The paper presents recommendations concerning the performance and assessment of ultrasound examinations of the adrenal glands and their pathological lesions. The article includes new ultrasound techniques, such as tissue harmonic imaging, spatial compound imaging, three-dimensional ultrasound, elastography, contrast-enhanced ultrasound and parametric imaging. The guidelines presented above are consistent with the recommendations of the Polish Ultrasound Society.
publisher	Medical Communications Sp. z o.o.
publishDate	2015
url	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4710689/
_version_	1613523355528331264

Standards of ultrasound imaging of the adrenal glands

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