Chronic Stress Decreases Cerebrovascular Responses During Rat Hindlimb Electrical Stimulation

Repeated stress is one of the major risk factors for cerebrovascular disease, including stroke, and vascular dementia. However, the functional alterations in the cerebral hemodynamic response induced by chronic stress have not been clarified. Here, we investigated the in vivo cerebral hemodynamic ch...

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Main Authors:	Lee, Sohee, Kang, Bok-Man, Shin, Min-Kyoo, Min, Jiwoong, Heo, Chaejeong, Lee, Yubu, Baeg, Eunha, Suh, Minah
Format:	Online
Language:	English
Published:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2015
Online Access:	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4688360/

id	pubmed-4688360
recordtype	oai_dc
spelling	pubmed-46883602016-01-15 Chronic Stress Decreases Cerebrovascular Responses During Rat Hindlimb Electrical Stimulation Lee, Sohee Kang, Bok-Man Shin, Min-Kyoo Min, Jiwoong Heo, Chaejeong Lee, Yubu Baeg, Eunha Suh, Minah Endocrinology Repeated stress is one of the major risk factors for cerebrovascular disease, including stroke, and vascular dementia. However, the functional alterations in the cerebral hemodynamic response induced by chronic stress have not been clarified. Here, we investigated the in vivo cerebral hemodynamic changes and accompanying cellular and molecular changes in chronically stressed rats. After 3 weeks of restraint stress, the elicitation of stress was verified by behavioral despair in the forced swimming test and by physical indicators of stress. The evoked changes in the cerebral blood volume and pial artery responses following hindpaw electrical stimulation were measured using optical intrinsic signal imaging. We observed that, compared to the control group, animals under chronic restraint stress exhibited a decreased hemodynamic response, with a smaller pial arterial dilation in the somatosensory cortex during hindpaw electrical stimulation. The effect of chronic restraint stress on vasomodulator enzymes, including neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and heme oxygenase-2 (HO-2), was assessed in the somatosensory cortex. Chronic restraint stress downregulated nNOS and HO-2 compared to the control group. In addition, we examined the subtypes of cells that can explain the environmental changes due to the decreased vasomodulators. The expression of parvalbumin in GABAergic interneurons and glutamate receptor-1 in neurons were decreased, whereas the microglial activation was increased. Our results suggest that the chronic stress-induced alterations in cerebral vascular function and the modulations of the cellular expression in the neuro-vasomodulatory system may be crucial contributing factors in the development of various vascular-induced conditions in the brain. Frontiers Media S.A. 2015-12-23 /pmc/articles/PMC4688360/ /pubmed/26778944 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2015.00462 Text en Copyright © 2015 Lee, Kang, Shin, Min, Heo, Lee, Baeg and Suh. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
repository_type	Open Access Journal
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	US National Center for Biotechnology Information
building	NCBI PubMed
collection	Online Access
language	English
format	Online
author	Lee, Sohee Kang, Bok-Man Shin, Min-Kyoo Min, Jiwoong Heo, Chaejeong Lee, Yubu Baeg, Eunha Suh, Minah
spellingShingle	Lee, Sohee Kang, Bok-Man Shin, Min-Kyoo Min, Jiwoong Heo, Chaejeong Lee, Yubu Baeg, Eunha Suh, Minah Chronic Stress Decreases Cerebrovascular Responses During Rat Hindlimb Electrical Stimulation
author_facet	Lee, Sohee Kang, Bok-Man Shin, Min-Kyoo Min, Jiwoong Heo, Chaejeong Lee, Yubu Baeg, Eunha Suh, Minah
author_sort	Lee, Sohee
title	Chronic Stress Decreases Cerebrovascular Responses During Rat Hindlimb Electrical Stimulation
title_short	Chronic Stress Decreases Cerebrovascular Responses During Rat Hindlimb Electrical Stimulation
title_full	Chronic Stress Decreases Cerebrovascular Responses During Rat Hindlimb Electrical Stimulation
title_fullStr	Chronic Stress Decreases Cerebrovascular Responses During Rat Hindlimb Electrical Stimulation
title_full_unstemmed	Chronic Stress Decreases Cerebrovascular Responses During Rat Hindlimb Electrical Stimulation
title_sort	chronic stress decreases cerebrovascular responses during rat hindlimb electrical stimulation
description	Repeated stress is one of the major risk factors for cerebrovascular disease, including stroke, and vascular dementia. However, the functional alterations in the cerebral hemodynamic response induced by chronic stress have not been clarified. Here, we investigated the in vivo cerebral hemodynamic changes and accompanying cellular and molecular changes in chronically stressed rats. After 3 weeks of restraint stress, the elicitation of stress was verified by behavioral despair in the forced swimming test and by physical indicators of stress. The evoked changes in the cerebral blood volume and pial artery responses following hindpaw electrical stimulation were measured using optical intrinsic signal imaging. We observed that, compared to the control group, animals under chronic restraint stress exhibited a decreased hemodynamic response, with a smaller pial arterial dilation in the somatosensory cortex during hindpaw electrical stimulation. The effect of chronic restraint stress on vasomodulator enzymes, including neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and heme oxygenase-2 (HO-2), was assessed in the somatosensory cortex. Chronic restraint stress downregulated nNOS and HO-2 compared to the control group. In addition, we examined the subtypes of cells that can explain the environmental changes due to the decreased vasomodulators. The expression of parvalbumin in GABAergic interneurons and glutamate receptor-1 in neurons were decreased, whereas the microglial activation was increased. Our results suggest that the chronic stress-induced alterations in cerebral vascular function and the modulations of the cellular expression in the neuro-vasomodulatory system may be crucial contributing factors in the development of various vascular-induced conditions in the brain.
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2015
url	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4688360/
_version_	1613515868578250752

Chronic Stress Decreases Cerebrovascular Responses During Rat Hindlimb Electrical Stimulation

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