Rho GTPase isoforms in cell motility: Don't fret, we have FRET

The Rho-family of p21 small GTPases are directly linked to the regulation of actin-based motile machinery and play a key role in the control of cell migration. Aside from the original and most well-characterized canonical Rho GTPases RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42, numerous isoforms of these key proteins hav...

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Main Authors:	Donnelly, Sara K, Bravo-Cordero, Jose Javier, Hodgson, Louis
Format:	Online
Language:	English
Published:	Taylor & Francis 2014
Online Access:	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4594258/

id	pubmed-4594258
recordtype	oai_dc
spelling	pubmed-45942582015-10-31 Rho GTPase isoforms in cell motility: Don't fret, we have FRET Donnelly, Sara K Bravo-Cordero, Jose Javier Hodgson, Louis Review The Rho-family of p21 small GTPases are directly linked to the regulation of actin-based motile machinery and play a key role in the control of cell migration. Aside from the original and most well-characterized canonical Rho GTPases RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42, numerous isoforms of these key proteins have been identified and shown to have specific roles in regulating various cellular motility processes. The major difficulty in addressing these isoform-specific effects is that isoforms typically contain highly similar primary amino acid sequences and thus are able to interact with the same upstream regulators and the downstream effector targets. Here, we will introduce the major members of each GTPase subfamily and discuss recent advances in the design and application of fluorescent resonance energy transfer-based probes, which are at the forefront of the technologies available to directly probe the differential, spatiotemporal activation dynamics of these proteins in live single cells. Currently, it is possible to specifically detect the activation status of RhoA vs. RhoC isoforms, as well as Cdc42 vs. TC-10 isoforms in living cells. Clearly, additional efforts are still required to produce biosensor systems capable of detecting other isoforms of Rho GTPases including RhoB, Rac2/3, RhoG, etc. Through such efforts, we will uncover the isoform-specific roles of these near-identical proteins in living cells, clearly an important area of the Rho GTPase biology that is not yet fully appreciated. Taylor & Francis 2014-10-31 /pmc/articles/PMC4594258/ /pubmed/25482645 http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cam.29712 Text en © 2014; The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The moral rights of the named author(s) have been asserted.
repository_type	Open Access Journal
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	US National Center for Biotechnology Information
building	NCBI PubMed
collection	Online Access
language	English
format	Online
author	Donnelly, Sara K Bravo-Cordero, Jose Javier Hodgson, Louis
spellingShingle	Donnelly, Sara K Bravo-Cordero, Jose Javier Hodgson, Louis Rho GTPase isoforms in cell motility: Don't fret, we have FRET
author_facet	Donnelly, Sara K Bravo-Cordero, Jose Javier Hodgson, Louis
author_sort	Donnelly, Sara K
title	Rho GTPase isoforms in cell motility: Don't fret, we have FRET
title_short	Rho GTPase isoforms in cell motility: Don't fret, we have FRET
title_full	Rho GTPase isoforms in cell motility: Don't fret, we have FRET
title_fullStr	Rho GTPase isoforms in cell motility: Don't fret, we have FRET
title_full_unstemmed	Rho GTPase isoforms in cell motility: Don't fret, we have FRET
title_sort	rho gtpase isoforms in cell motility: don't fret, we have fret
description	The Rho-family of p21 small GTPases are directly linked to the regulation of actin-based motile machinery and play a key role in the control of cell migration. Aside from the original and most well-characterized canonical Rho GTPases RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42, numerous isoforms of these key proteins have been identified and shown to have specific roles in regulating various cellular motility processes. The major difficulty in addressing these isoform-specific effects is that isoforms typically contain highly similar primary amino acid sequences and thus are able to interact with the same upstream regulators and the downstream effector targets. Here, we will introduce the major members of each GTPase subfamily and discuss recent advances in the design and application of fluorescent resonance energy transfer-based probes, which are at the forefront of the technologies available to directly probe the differential, spatiotemporal activation dynamics of these proteins in live single cells. Currently, it is possible to specifically detect the activation status of RhoA vs. RhoC isoforms, as well as Cdc42 vs. TC-10 isoforms in living cells. Clearly, additional efforts are still required to produce biosensor systems capable of detecting other isoforms of Rho GTPases including RhoB, Rac2/3, RhoG, etc. Through such efforts, we will uncover the isoform-specific roles of these near-identical proteins in living cells, clearly an important area of the Rho GTPase biology that is not yet fully appreciated.
publisher	Taylor & Francis
publishDate	2014
url	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4594258/
_version_	1613483786964566016

Rho GTPase isoforms in cell motility: Don't fret, we have FRET

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