Rescue Effects: Irradiated Cells Helped by Unirradiated Bystander Cells
The rescue effect describes the phenomenon where irradiated cells or organisms derive benefits from the feedback signals sent from the bystander unirradiated cells or organisms. An example of the benefit is the mitigation of radiation-induced DNA damages in the irradiated cells. The rescue effect ca...
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| Format: | Online |
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MDPI
2015
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| Online Access: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4346853/ |
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pubmed-4346853 |
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pubmed-43468532015-04-03 Rescue Effects: Irradiated Cells Helped by Unirradiated Bystander Cells Lam, R. K. K. Fung, Y. K. Han, W. Yu, K. N. Review The rescue effect describes the phenomenon where irradiated cells or organisms derive benefits from the feedback signals sent from the bystander unirradiated cells or organisms. An example of the benefit is the mitigation of radiation-induced DNA damages in the irradiated cells. The rescue effect can compromise the efficacy of radioimmunotherapy (RIT) (and actually all radiotherapy). In this paper, the discovery and subsequent confirmation studies on the rescue effect were reviewed. The mechanisms and the chemical messengers responsible for the rescue effect studied to date were summarized. The rescue effect between irradiated and bystander unirradiated zebrafish embryos in vivo sharing the same medium was also described. In the discussion section, the mechanism proposed for the rescue effect involving activation of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway was scrutinized. This mechanism could explain the promotion of cellular survival and correct repair of DNA damage, dependence on cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and modulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in irradiated cells. Exploitation of the NF-κB pathway to improve the effectiveness of RIT was proposed. Finally, the possibility of using zebrafish embryos as the model to study the efficacy of RIT in treating solid tumors was also discussed. MDPI 2015-01-23 /pmc/articles/PMC4346853/ /pubmed/25625514 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms16022591 Text en © 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
| repository_type |
Open Access Journal |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
| institution |
US National Center for Biotechnology Information |
| building |
NCBI PubMed |
| collection |
Online Access |
| language |
English |
| format |
Online |
| author |
Lam, R. K. K. Fung, Y. K. Han, W. Yu, K. N. |
| spellingShingle |
Lam, R. K. K. Fung, Y. K. Han, W. Yu, K. N. Rescue Effects: Irradiated Cells Helped by Unirradiated Bystander Cells |
| author_facet |
Lam, R. K. K. Fung, Y. K. Han, W. Yu, K. N. |
| author_sort |
Lam, R. K. K. |
| title |
Rescue Effects: Irradiated Cells Helped by Unirradiated Bystander Cells |
| title_short |
Rescue Effects: Irradiated Cells Helped by Unirradiated Bystander Cells |
| title_full |
Rescue Effects: Irradiated Cells Helped by Unirradiated Bystander Cells |
| title_fullStr |
Rescue Effects: Irradiated Cells Helped by Unirradiated Bystander Cells |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Rescue Effects: Irradiated Cells Helped by Unirradiated Bystander Cells |
| title_sort |
rescue effects: irradiated cells helped by unirradiated bystander cells |
| description |
The rescue effect describes the phenomenon where irradiated cells or organisms derive benefits from the feedback signals sent from the bystander unirradiated cells or organisms. An example of the benefit is the mitigation of radiation-induced DNA damages in the irradiated cells. The rescue effect can compromise the efficacy of radioimmunotherapy (RIT) (and actually all radiotherapy). In this paper, the discovery and subsequent confirmation studies on the rescue effect were reviewed. The mechanisms and the chemical messengers responsible for the rescue effect studied to date were summarized. The rescue effect between irradiated and bystander unirradiated zebrafish embryos in vivo sharing the same medium was also described. In the discussion section, the mechanism proposed for the rescue effect involving activation of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway was scrutinized. This mechanism could explain the promotion of cellular survival and correct repair of DNA damage, dependence on cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and modulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in irradiated cells. Exploitation of the NF-κB pathway to improve the effectiveness of RIT was proposed. Finally, the possibility of using zebrafish embryos as the model to study the efficacy of RIT in treating solid tumors was also discussed. |
| publisher |
MDPI |
| publishDate |
2015 |
| url |
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4346853/ |
| _version_ |
1613194352037724160 |