Passive sampling methods for contaminated sediments: Scientific rationale supporting use of freely dissolved concentrations

Passive sampling methods (PSMs) allow the quantification of the freely dissolved concentration (Cfree) of an organic contaminant even in complex matrices such as sediments. Cfree is directly related to a contaminant's chemical activity, which drives spontaneous processes including diffusive upt...

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Main Authors:	Mayer, Philipp, Parkerton, Thomas F, Adams, Rachel G, Cargill, John G, Gan, Jay, Gouin, Todd, Gschwend, Philip M, Hawthorne, Steven B, Helm, Paul, Witt, Gesine, You, Jing, Escher, Beate I
Format:	Online
Language:	English
Published:	BlackWell Publishing Ltd 2014
Online Access:	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4235458/

id	pubmed-4235458
recordtype	oai_dc
spelling	pubmed-42354582014-12-15 Passive sampling methods for contaminated sediments: Scientific rationale supporting use of freely dissolved concentrations Mayer, Philipp Parkerton, Thomas F Adams, Rachel G Cargill, John G Gan, Jay Gouin, Todd Gschwend, Philip M Hawthorne, Steven B Helm, Paul Witt, Gesine You, Jing Escher, Beate I Special Series: Passive Sampling Methods for Contaminated Sediments Passive sampling methods (PSMs) allow the quantification of the freely dissolved concentration (Cfree) of an organic contaminant even in complex matrices such as sediments. Cfree is directly related to a contaminant's chemical activity, which drives spontaneous processes including diffusive uptake into benthic organisms and exchange with the overlying water column. Consequently, Cfree provides a more relevant dose metric than total sediment concentration. Recent developments in PSMs have significantly improved our ability to reliably measure even very low levels of Cfree. Application of PSMs in sediments is preferably conducted in the equilibrium regime, where freely dissolved concentrations in the sediment are well-linked to the measured concentration in the sampler via analyte-specific partition ratios. The equilibrium condition can then be assured by measuring a time series or a single time point using passive samplers with different surface to volume ratios. Sampling in the kinetic regime is also possible and generally involves the application of performance reference compounds for the calibration. Based on previous research on hydrophobic organic contaminants, it is concluded that Cfree allows a direct assessment of 1) contaminant exchange and equilibrium status between sediment and overlying water, 2) benthic bioaccumulation, and 3) potential toxicity to benthic organisms. Thus, the use of PSMs to measure Cfree provides an improved basis for the mechanistic understanding of fate and transport processes in sediments and has the potential to significantly improve risk assessment and management of contaminated sediments. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2014;10:197–209. © 2014 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC. BlackWell Publishing Ltd 2014-04 2014-02-18 /pmc/articles/PMC4235458/ /pubmed/24288295 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ieam.1508 Text en © 2014 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.
repository_type	Open Access Journal
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	US National Center for Biotechnology Information
building	NCBI PubMed
collection	Online Access
language	English
format	Online
author	Mayer, Philipp Parkerton, Thomas F Adams, Rachel G Cargill, John G Gan, Jay Gouin, Todd Gschwend, Philip M Hawthorne, Steven B Helm, Paul Witt, Gesine You, Jing Escher, Beate I
spellingShingle	Mayer, Philipp Parkerton, Thomas F Adams, Rachel G Cargill, John G Gan, Jay Gouin, Todd Gschwend, Philip M Hawthorne, Steven B Helm, Paul Witt, Gesine You, Jing Escher, Beate I Passive sampling methods for contaminated sediments: Scientific rationale supporting use of freely dissolved concentrations
author_facet	Mayer, Philipp Parkerton, Thomas F Adams, Rachel G Cargill, John G Gan, Jay Gouin, Todd Gschwend, Philip M Hawthorne, Steven B Helm, Paul Witt, Gesine You, Jing Escher, Beate I
author_sort	Mayer, Philipp
title	Passive sampling methods for contaminated sediments: Scientific rationale supporting use of freely dissolved concentrations
title_short	Passive sampling methods for contaminated sediments: Scientific rationale supporting use of freely dissolved concentrations
title_full	Passive sampling methods for contaminated sediments: Scientific rationale supporting use of freely dissolved concentrations
title_fullStr	Passive sampling methods for contaminated sediments: Scientific rationale supporting use of freely dissolved concentrations
title_full_unstemmed	Passive sampling methods for contaminated sediments: Scientific rationale supporting use of freely dissolved concentrations
title_sort	passive sampling methods for contaminated sediments: scientific rationale supporting use of freely dissolved concentrations
description	Passive sampling methods (PSMs) allow the quantification of the freely dissolved concentration (Cfree) of an organic contaminant even in complex matrices such as sediments. Cfree is directly related to a contaminant's chemical activity, which drives spontaneous processes including diffusive uptake into benthic organisms and exchange with the overlying water column. Consequently, Cfree provides a more relevant dose metric than total sediment concentration. Recent developments in PSMs have significantly improved our ability to reliably measure even very low levels of Cfree. Application of PSMs in sediments is preferably conducted in the equilibrium regime, where freely dissolved concentrations in the sediment are well-linked to the measured concentration in the sampler via analyte-specific partition ratios. The equilibrium condition can then be assured by measuring a time series or a single time point using passive samplers with different surface to volume ratios. Sampling in the kinetic regime is also possible and generally involves the application of performance reference compounds for the calibration. Based on previous research on hydrophobic organic contaminants, it is concluded that Cfree allows a direct assessment of 1) contaminant exchange and equilibrium status between sediment and overlying water, 2) benthic bioaccumulation, and 3) potential toxicity to benthic organisms. Thus, the use of PSMs to measure Cfree provides an improved basis for the mechanistic understanding of fate and transport processes in sediments and has the potential to significantly improve risk assessment and management of contaminated sediments. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2014;10:197–209. © 2014 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
publisher	BlackWell Publishing Ltd
publishDate	2014
url	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4235458/
_version_	1613157912309399552

Passive sampling methods for contaminated sediments: Scientific rationale supporting use of freely dissolved concentrations

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