| Summary: | To investigate the effect of coffee consumption on hip fracture risk, a meta-analysis was
conducted. The PubMed database was screened for all published studies about coffee
consumption and hip fracture through to November 2011. Reviews, PubMed option ‘related
articles’ and references of retrieved papers were also searched for potentially relevant
papers. Only studies that contained OR with 95 % CI for the association between coffee
consumption and hip fracture risk were included. The summary risk estimates were
calculated by fixed- and random-effects models. Subgroup analyses were carried out
stratified by study designs and participant characteristics, respectively. A total of six
prospective cohort studies and six case–control studies were included in the final
analysis. The pooled OR displayed increased risk of hip fracture by 29·7 % (95 % CI 0·960,
1·751; P = 0·09) for the highest compared with the lowest coffee
consumption by the random-effects model (P for heterogeneity = 0·000;
I2 = 84·0 %), but the result had no statistical
significance. Subgroup analyses showed that coffee consumption significantly increased hip
fracture risk by 54·7 % (95 % CI 1·152, 2·077; P = 0·004) among women, by
40·1 % (95 % CI 1·015, 1·935; P = 0·040) for elderly participants aged
over 70 years, and by 68·3 % for Northern Americans (95 % CI 1·492, 1·899;
P = 0·000). Other subgroup analyses according to data published before
the year 2000 showed a positive association between coffee and hip fracture risk, and
follow-up duration also positively affected hip fracture risk, especially when the
follow-up length was less than 13 years. Although our meta-analysis has provided
insufficient evidence that coffee consumption significantly increases hip fracture risk,
coffee intake may increase hip fracture risk among women, elderly participants and
Northern Americans. No dose–response pattern was observed.
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