Immune Dysfunction in Uremia—An Update
Kidney dysfunction leads to disturbed renal metabolic activities and to impaired glomerular filtration, resulting in the retention of toxic solutes affecting all organs of the body. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and infections are the main causes for the increased occurrence of morbidity and mortalit...
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| Format: | Online |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI
2012
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| Online Access: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3509694/ |
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pubmed-3509694 |
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pubmed-35096942012-12-10 Immune Dysfunction in Uremia—An Update Cohen, Gerald Hörl, Walter H. Review Kidney dysfunction leads to disturbed renal metabolic activities and to impaired glomerular filtration, resulting in the retention of toxic solutes affecting all organs of the body. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and infections are the main causes for the increased occurrence of morbidity and mortality among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Both complications are directly or indirectly linked to a compromised immune defense. The specific coordinated roles of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs), monocytes/macrophages, lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in maintaining an efficient immune response are affected. Their normal response can be impaired, giving rise to infectious diseases or pre-activated/primed, leading to inflammation and consequently to CVD. Whereas the coordinated removal via apoptosis of activated immune cells is crucial for the resolution of inflammation, inappropriately high apoptotic rates lead to a diminished immune response. In uremia, the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory and between pro- and anti-apoptotic factors is disturbed. This review summarizes the interrelated parameters interfering with the immune response in uremia, with a special focus on the non-specific immune response and the role of uremic toxins. MDPI 2012-10-24 /pmc/articles/PMC3509694/ /pubmed/23202302 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins4110962 Text en © 2012 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). |
| repository_type |
Open Access Journal |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
| institution |
US National Center for Biotechnology Information |
| building |
NCBI PubMed |
| collection |
Online Access |
| language |
English |
| format |
Online |
| author |
Cohen, Gerald Hörl, Walter H. |
| spellingShingle |
Cohen, Gerald Hörl, Walter H. Immune Dysfunction in Uremia—An Update |
| author_facet |
Cohen, Gerald Hörl, Walter H. |
| author_sort |
Cohen, Gerald |
| title |
Immune Dysfunction in Uremia—An Update |
| title_short |
Immune Dysfunction in Uremia—An Update |
| title_full |
Immune Dysfunction in Uremia—An Update |
| title_fullStr |
Immune Dysfunction in Uremia—An Update |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Immune Dysfunction in Uremia—An Update |
| title_sort |
immune dysfunction in uremia—an update |
| description |
Kidney dysfunction leads to disturbed renal metabolic activities and to impaired glomerular filtration, resulting in the retention of toxic solutes affecting all organs of the body. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and infections are the main causes for the increased occurrence of morbidity and mortality among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Both complications are directly or indirectly linked to a compromised immune defense. The specific coordinated roles of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs), monocytes/macrophages, lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in maintaining an efficient immune response are affected. Their normal response can be impaired, giving rise to infectious diseases or pre-activated/primed, leading to inflammation and consequently to CVD. Whereas the coordinated removal via apoptosis of activated immune cells is crucial for the resolution of inflammation, inappropriately high apoptotic rates lead to a diminished immune response. In uremia, the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory and between pro- and anti-apoptotic factors is disturbed. This review summarizes the interrelated parameters interfering with the immune response in uremia, with a special focus on the non-specific immune response and the role of uremic toxins. |
| publisher |
MDPI |
| publishDate |
2012 |
| url |
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3509694/ |
| _version_ |
1611936493888077824 |