Red Ginseng Extract Attenuates Kainate-Induced Excitotoxicity by Antioxidative Effects

This study investigated the neuroprotective activity of red ginseng extract (RGE, Panax ginseng, C. A. Meyer) against kainic acid- (KA-) induced excitotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. In hippocampal cells, RGE inhibited KA-induced excitotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner as measured by the MTT assay....

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Main Authors:	Han, Jin-Yi, Ahn, Sun-Young, Oh, Eun-Hye, Nam, Sang-Yoon, Hong, Jin Tae, Oh, Ki-Wan, Lee, Mi Kyeong
Format:	Online
Language:	English
Published:	Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2012
Online Access:	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3485976/

id	pubmed-3485976
recordtype	oai_dc
spelling	pubmed-34859762012-11-06 Red Ginseng Extract Attenuates Kainate-Induced Excitotoxicity by Antioxidative Effects Han, Jin-Yi Ahn, Sun-Young Oh, Eun-Hye Nam, Sang-Yoon Hong, Jin Tae Oh, Ki-Wan Lee, Mi Kyeong Research Article This study investigated the neuroprotective activity of red ginseng extract (RGE, Panax ginseng, C. A. Meyer) against kainic acid- (KA-) induced excitotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. In hippocampal cells, RGE inhibited KA-induced excitotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner as measured by the MTT assay. To study the possible mechanisms of the RGE-mediated neuroprotective effect against KA-induced cytotoxicity, we examined the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and [Ca2+]i in cultured hippocampal neurons and found that RGE treatment dose-dependently inhibited intracellular ROS and [Ca2+]i elevation. Oral administration of RGE (30 and 200 mg/kg) in mice decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) level induced by KA injection (30 mg/kg, i.p.). In addition, similar results were obtained after pretreatment with the radical scavengers Trolox and N, N′-dimethylthiourea (DMTU). Finally, after confirming the protective effect of RGE on hippocampal brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) protein levels, we found that RGE is active compounds mixture in KA-induced hippocampal mossy-fiber function improvement. Furthermore, RGE eliminated 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, and the IC50 was approximately 10 mg/ml. The reductive activity of RGE, as measured by reaction with hydroxyl radical (•OH), was similar to trolox. The second-order rate constant of RGE for •OH was 3.5–4.5 × 109 M−1·S−1. Therefore, these results indicate that RGE possesses radical reduction activity and alleviates KA-induced excitotoxicity by quenching ROS in hippocampal neurons. Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2012 2012-10-23 /pmc/articles/PMC3485976/ /pubmed/23133495 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/479016 Text en Copyright © 2012 Jin-Yi Han et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
repository_type	Open Access Journal
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	US National Center for Biotechnology Information
building	NCBI PubMed
collection	Online Access
language	English
format	Online
author	Han, Jin-Yi Ahn, Sun-Young Oh, Eun-Hye Nam, Sang-Yoon Hong, Jin Tae Oh, Ki-Wan Lee, Mi Kyeong
spellingShingle	Han, Jin-Yi Ahn, Sun-Young Oh, Eun-Hye Nam, Sang-Yoon Hong, Jin Tae Oh, Ki-Wan Lee, Mi Kyeong Red Ginseng Extract Attenuates Kainate-Induced Excitotoxicity by Antioxidative Effects
author_facet	Han, Jin-Yi Ahn, Sun-Young Oh, Eun-Hye Nam, Sang-Yoon Hong, Jin Tae Oh, Ki-Wan Lee, Mi Kyeong
author_sort	Han, Jin-Yi
title	Red Ginseng Extract Attenuates Kainate-Induced Excitotoxicity by Antioxidative Effects
title_short	Red Ginseng Extract Attenuates Kainate-Induced Excitotoxicity by Antioxidative Effects
title_full	Red Ginseng Extract Attenuates Kainate-Induced Excitotoxicity by Antioxidative Effects
title_fullStr	Red Ginseng Extract Attenuates Kainate-Induced Excitotoxicity by Antioxidative Effects
title_full_unstemmed	Red Ginseng Extract Attenuates Kainate-Induced Excitotoxicity by Antioxidative Effects
title_sort	red ginseng extract attenuates kainate-induced excitotoxicity by antioxidative effects
description	This study investigated the neuroprotective activity of red ginseng extract (RGE, Panax ginseng, C. A. Meyer) against kainic acid- (KA-) induced excitotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. In hippocampal cells, RGE inhibited KA-induced excitotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner as measured by the MTT assay. To study the possible mechanisms of the RGE-mediated neuroprotective effect against KA-induced cytotoxicity, we examined the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and [Ca2+]i in cultured hippocampal neurons and found that RGE treatment dose-dependently inhibited intracellular ROS and [Ca2+]i elevation. Oral administration of RGE (30 and 200 mg/kg) in mice decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) level induced by KA injection (30 mg/kg, i.p.). In addition, similar results were obtained after pretreatment with the radical scavengers Trolox and N, N′-dimethylthiourea (DMTU). Finally, after confirming the protective effect of RGE on hippocampal brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) protein levels, we found that RGE is active compounds mixture in KA-induced hippocampal mossy-fiber function improvement. Furthermore, RGE eliminated 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, and the IC50 was approximately 10 mg/ml. The reductive activity of RGE, as measured by reaction with hydroxyl radical (•OH), was similar to trolox. The second-order rate constant of RGE for •OH was 3.5–4.5 × 109 M−1·S−1. Therefore, these results indicate that RGE possesses radical reduction activity and alleviates KA-induced excitotoxicity by quenching ROS in hippocampal neurons.
publisher	Hindawi Publishing Corporation
publishDate	2012
url	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3485976/
_version_	1611920568766955520

Red Ginseng Extract Attenuates Kainate-Induced Excitotoxicity by Antioxidative Effects

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