Cyanotoxins: Bioaccumulation and Effects on Aquatic Animals
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes with wide geographic distribution that can produce secondary metabolites named cyanotoxins. These toxins can be classified into three main types according to their mechanism of action in vertebrates: hepatotoxins, dermatotoxins and neurotoxins. Many studi...
| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Online |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI
2011
|
| Online Access: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3280578/ |
| id |
pubmed-3280578 |
|---|---|
| recordtype |
oai_dc |
| spelling |
pubmed-32805782012-02-23 Cyanotoxins: Bioaccumulation and Effects on Aquatic Animals Ferrão-Filho, Aloysio da S. Kozlowsky-Suzuki, Betina Review Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes with wide geographic distribution that can produce secondary metabolites named cyanotoxins. These toxins can be classified into three main types according to their mechanism of action in vertebrates: hepatotoxins, dermatotoxins and neurotoxins. Many studies on the effects of cyanobacteria and their toxins over a wide range of aquatic organisms, including invertebrates and vertebrates, have reported acute effects (e.g., reduction in survivorship, feeding inhibition, paralysis), chronic effects (e.g., reduction in growth and fecundity), biochemical alterations (e.g., activity of phosphatases, GST, AChE, proteases), and behavioral alterations. Research has also focused on the potential for bioaccumulation and transferring of these toxins through the food chain. Although the herbivorous zooplankton is hypothesized as the main target of cyanotoxins, there is not unquestionable evidence of the deleterious effects of cyanobacteria and their toxins on these organisms. Also, the low toxin burden in secondary consumers points towards biodilution of microcystins in the food web as the predominant process. In this broad review we discuss important issues on bioaccumulation and the effects of cyanotoxins, with emphasis on microcystins, as well as drawbacks and future needs in this field of research. MDPI 2011-12-16 /pmc/articles/PMC3280578/ /pubmed/22363248 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md9122729 Text en © 2011 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). |
| repository_type |
Open Access Journal |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
| institution |
US National Center for Biotechnology Information |
| building |
NCBI PubMed |
| collection |
Online Access |
| language |
English |
| format |
Online |
| author |
Ferrão-Filho, Aloysio da S. Kozlowsky-Suzuki, Betina |
| spellingShingle |
Ferrão-Filho, Aloysio da S. Kozlowsky-Suzuki, Betina Cyanotoxins: Bioaccumulation and Effects on Aquatic Animals |
| author_facet |
Ferrão-Filho, Aloysio da S. Kozlowsky-Suzuki, Betina |
| author_sort |
Ferrão-Filho, Aloysio da S. |
| title |
Cyanotoxins: Bioaccumulation and Effects on Aquatic Animals |
| title_short |
Cyanotoxins: Bioaccumulation and Effects on Aquatic Animals |
| title_full |
Cyanotoxins: Bioaccumulation and Effects on Aquatic Animals |
| title_fullStr |
Cyanotoxins: Bioaccumulation and Effects on Aquatic Animals |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Cyanotoxins: Bioaccumulation and Effects on Aquatic Animals |
| title_sort |
cyanotoxins: bioaccumulation and effects on aquatic animals |
| description |
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes with wide geographic distribution that can produce secondary metabolites named cyanotoxins. These toxins can be classified into three main types according to their mechanism of action in vertebrates: hepatotoxins, dermatotoxins and neurotoxins. Many studies on the effects of cyanobacteria and their toxins over a wide range of aquatic organisms, including invertebrates and vertebrates, have reported acute effects (e.g., reduction in survivorship, feeding inhibition, paralysis), chronic effects (e.g., reduction in growth and fecundity), biochemical alterations (e.g., activity of phosphatases, GST, AChE, proteases), and behavioral alterations. Research has also focused on the potential for bioaccumulation and transferring of these toxins through the food chain. Although the herbivorous zooplankton is hypothesized as the main target of cyanotoxins, there is not unquestionable evidence of the deleterious effects of cyanobacteria and their toxins on these organisms. Also, the low toxin burden in secondary consumers points towards biodilution of microcystins in the food web as the predominant process. In this broad review we discuss important issues on bioaccumulation and the effects of cyanotoxins, with emphasis on microcystins, as well as drawbacks and future needs in this field of research. |
| publisher |
MDPI |
| publishDate |
2011 |
| url |
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3280578/ |
| _version_ |
1611506425151881216 |