More and More Coronaviruses: Human Coronavirus HKU1

After human coronaviruses OC43, 229E and NL63, human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1) is the fourth human coronavirus discovered. HCoV-HKU1 is a group 2a coronavirus that is still not cultivable. The G + C contents of HCoV-HKU1 genomes are 32%, the lowest among all known coronaviruses with complete geno...

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Main Authors:	Woo, Patrick C. Y., Lau, Susanna K. P., Yip, Cyril C. Y., Huang, Yi, Yuen, Kwok-Yung
Format:	Online
Language:	English
Published:	Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI) 2009
Online Access:	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3185465/

id	pubmed-3185465
recordtype	oai_dc
spelling	pubmed-31854652011-10-12 More and More Coronaviruses: Human Coronavirus HKU1 Woo, Patrick C. Y. Lau, Susanna K. P. Yip, Cyril C. Y. Huang, Yi Yuen, Kwok-Yung Review After human coronaviruses OC43, 229E and NL63, human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1) is the fourth human coronavirus discovered. HCoV-HKU1 is a group 2a coronavirus that is still not cultivable. The G + C contents of HCoV-HKU1 genomes are 32%, the lowest among all known coronaviruses with complete genome sequences available. Among all coronaviruses, HCoV-HKU1 shows the most extreme codon usage bias, attributed most importantly to severe cytosine deamination. All HCoV-HKU1 genomes contain unique tandem copies of a 30-base acidic tandem repeat of unknown function at the N-terminus of nsp3 inside the acidic domain upstream of papain-like protease 1. Three genotypes, A, B and C, of HCoV-HKU1 and homologous recombination among their genomes, are observed. The incidence of HCoV-HKU1 infections is the highest in winter. Similar to other human coronaviruses, HCoV-HKU1 infections have been reported globally, with a median (range) incidence of 0.9 (0 – 4.4) %. HCoV-HKU1 is associated with both upper and lower respiratory tract infections that are mostly self-limiting. The most common method for diagnosing HCoV-HKU1 infection is RT-PCR or real-time RT-PCR using RNA extracted from respiratory tract samples such as nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA). Both the pol and nucleocapsid genes have been used as the targets for amplification. Monoclonal antibodies have been generated for direct antigen detection in NPA. For antibody detection, Escherichia coli BL21 and baculovirus-expressed recombinant nucleocapsid of HCoV-HKU1 have been used for IgG and IgM detection in sera of patients and normal individuals, using Western blot and enzyme-linked immunoassay. Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI) 2009-06-11 /pmc/articles/PMC3185465/ /pubmed/21994538 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v1010057 Text en © 2009 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
repository_type	Open Access Journal
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	US National Center for Biotechnology Information
building	NCBI PubMed
collection	Online Access
language	English
format	Online
author	Woo, Patrick C. Y. Lau, Susanna K. P. Yip, Cyril C. Y. Huang, Yi Yuen, Kwok-Yung
spellingShingle	Woo, Patrick C. Y. Lau, Susanna K. P. Yip, Cyril C. Y. Huang, Yi Yuen, Kwok-Yung More and More Coronaviruses: Human Coronavirus HKU1
author_facet	Woo, Patrick C. Y. Lau, Susanna K. P. Yip, Cyril C. Y. Huang, Yi Yuen, Kwok-Yung
author_sort	Woo, Patrick C. Y.
title	More and More Coronaviruses: Human Coronavirus HKU1
title_short	More and More Coronaviruses: Human Coronavirus HKU1
title_full	More and More Coronaviruses: Human Coronavirus HKU1
title_fullStr	More and More Coronaviruses: Human Coronavirus HKU1
title_full_unstemmed	More and More Coronaviruses: Human Coronavirus HKU1
title_sort	more and more coronaviruses: human coronavirus hku1
description	After human coronaviruses OC43, 229E and NL63, human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1) is the fourth human coronavirus discovered. HCoV-HKU1 is a group 2a coronavirus that is still not cultivable. The G + C contents of HCoV-HKU1 genomes are 32%, the lowest among all known coronaviruses with complete genome sequences available. Among all coronaviruses, HCoV-HKU1 shows the most extreme codon usage bias, attributed most importantly to severe cytosine deamination. All HCoV-HKU1 genomes contain unique tandem copies of a 30-base acidic tandem repeat of unknown function at the N-terminus of nsp3 inside the acidic domain upstream of papain-like protease 1. Three genotypes, A, B and C, of HCoV-HKU1 and homologous recombination among their genomes, are observed. The incidence of HCoV-HKU1 infections is the highest in winter. Similar to other human coronaviruses, HCoV-HKU1 infections have been reported globally, with a median (range) incidence of 0.9 (0 – 4.4) %. HCoV-HKU1 is associated with both upper and lower respiratory tract infections that are mostly self-limiting. The most common method for diagnosing HCoV-HKU1 infection is RT-PCR or real-time RT-PCR using RNA extracted from respiratory tract samples such as nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA). Both the pol and nucleocapsid genes have been used as the targets for amplification. Monoclonal antibodies have been generated for direct antigen detection in NPA. For antibody detection, Escherichia coli BL21 and baculovirus-expressed recombinant nucleocapsid of HCoV-HKU1 have been used for IgG and IgM detection in sera of patients and normal individuals, using Western blot and enzyme-linked immunoassay.
publisher	Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)
publishDate	2009
url	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3185465/
_version_	1611479009351172096

More and More Coronaviruses: Human Coronavirus HKU1

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