Strengthening Economic Rights and Women's Occupational Choice : The Impact of Reforming Ethiopia's Family Law
This paper evaluates the impact of strengthening legal rights on the types of economic opportunities that are pursued. Ethiopia changed its family law, requiring both spouses' consent in the administration of marital property, removing the ab...
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| Format: | Policy Research Working Paper |
| Language: | English en_US |
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World Bank, Washington, DC
2014
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| Online Access: | http://hdl.handle.net/10986/16919 |
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okr-10986-16919 |
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okr-10986-169192017-12-14T09:03:30Z Strengthening Economic Rights and Women's Occupational Choice : The Impact of Reforming Ethiopia's Family Law Hallward-Driemeier, Mary Gajigo, Ousman ACCESS TO CAPITAL ACCESS TO CREDIT ACCESS TO FINANCE ACCESS TO RESOURCES ADOPTION ADULT WOMEN ADVERSE CONSEQUENCES AGE AT MARRIAGE AGE OF MARRIAGE ALIMONY ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES ASSET OWNERSHIP AVAILABILITY OF COLLATERAL BANK BARGAINING BARGAINING POWER BENEFIT BENEFITS BENEFITS FOR WOMEN BORROWERS CHILD CHILD WELFARE CHILDREN CLERKS COLLATERAL COOPERATIVE COURTS CREDIT CREDIT ACCESS CREDIT CONSTRAINTS CREDITORS CULTURAL CHANGE CUSTOMARY PRACTICES DEMANDS ON WOMEN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT BANK DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DISCRIMINATION DIVORCE DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC BENEFITS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN ECONOMIC RIGHTS ECONOMICS EDUCATION LEVEL EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES EFFECTS EMPLOYEES EMPLOYERS EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES EMPLOYMENT STATUS EMPOWERING WOMEN EMPOWERMENT ENTERPRISES ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY EQUAL RIGHTS EXPENDITURES FAMILIES FAMILY FAMILY LAW FAMILY LAWS FAMILY RELATIONS FARM ENTERPRISE FEMALE FEMALE EDUCATION FEMALES FINANCE FINANCIAL SUPPORT FIRST MARRIAGE GENDER GENDER AND LAW GENDER DIFFERENCE GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DIMENSION GENDER DISCRIMINATION GENDER DIVISION OF LABOR GENDER EQUALITY GENDER EQUALITY IN RIGHTS GENDER GAPS GENDER INEQUALITIES GENDER INEQUALITY GENDER NEUTRAL GENDER ROLES GENDER SEGREGATION GROUPS OF WOMEN HOME HOMES HOUSEHOLD HOUSEHOLD DYNAMICS HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HOUSEHOLDS HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN RESOURCES HUSBAND HUSBANDS INCOME INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS INDIVIDUAL WELFARE INHERITANCE INHERITANCE RIGHTS INSECURE PROPERTY INTEREST INTERESTS INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY INVESTMENT INVESTMENTS LABOR ECONOMICS LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKETS LABOR MOBILITY LABOR RELATIONS LABOR SUPPLY LABORERS LAND REGISTRATION LAND RIGHTS LARGE CITIES LARGE NUMBER OF WOMEN LAWS LEGAL MARRIAGE LEGAL REFORM LEGAL REFORMS LEGAL RIGHTS LEGISLATION LEVEL OF EDUCATION MACROECONOMIC EFFECTS MANAGEMENT MANDATES MARITAL PROPERTY MARITAL STATUS MARKET INFORMATION MARRIAGE MARRIAGE AGE MARRIAGE FOR GIRLS MARRIAGE PARTNERS MARRIAGES MARRIED COUPLES MARRIED WOMEN MILLENNIUM DECLARATION MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS MINIMUM AGE OF MARRIAGE MINIMUM AGE OF MARRIAGE FOR WOMEN NATIONAL LEVEL NUMBER OF WOMEN OCCUPATIONS OLDER WOMEN OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN ORGANIZATIONS OUTCOMES PARENTAL LEAVE PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN PARTNERS PEOPLE POLICY POLICY CHANGE POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL ECONOMY POPULATION POPULATION DENSITY POPULATION GROWTH POPULOUS COUNTRY POWER OF WOMEN PRODUCTIVITY PROGRESS PROPERTY OWNER PROPERTY RIGHT PROPERTY RIGHTS PROPORTION OF WOMEN RACIAL DISCRIMINATION RADIO RAPE RATES OF POPULATION RED TAPE REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN RISK RURAL AREAS SENSITIVE POLICIES SEXUAL DIVISION OF LABOR SINGLE WOMEN SKILLED WORKERS SMALL BUSINESS SOCIAL CHANGE SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS SPOUSE SPOUSES TRADITIONAL FAMILY TRADITIONAL GENDER ROLES TV UNDP UNEMPLOYMENT UNIFEM UNION UNITED NATIONS UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT FUND FOR WOMEN UNMARRIED WOMEN URBAN AREAS URBAN EMPLOYMENT URBAN MIGRATION URBAN WOMEN URBANIZATION VALUE VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN WELFARE WHO WIDOWS WIFE WILL WIVES WOMEN WOMEN EMPLOYEES WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS YOUNG WOMEN This paper evaluates the impact of strengthening legal rights on the types of economic opportunities that are pursued. Ethiopia changed its family law, requiring both spouses' consent in the administration of marital property, removing the ability of a spouse to deny permission for the other to work outside the home, and raising women's minimum age of marriage. Thus both access to resources and the removal of restrictions on employment served to strengthen women's bargaining position within the household and their ability to pursue economic opportunities. Although this reform now applies nationally, it was initially rolled out in the two chartered cities and three of Ethiopia's nine regions. Using nationally representative household surveys from just prior to the reform and five years later allows for a difference-in-difference estimation of the reform's impact. The analysis finds that women were relatively more likely to work in occupations that require work outside the home, employ more educated workers, and in paid and full-time jobs where the reform had been enacted, controlling for time and location effects. As the relative increase in women's participation in these activities was 15-24 percent higher in areas where the reform was carried out, the magnitude of the impact is significant too. 2014-02-05T14:59:57Z 2014-02-05T14:59:57Z 2013-11 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/16919 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper;No. 6695 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research Africa Ethiopia |
| repository_type |
Digital Repository |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
| institution |
World Bank |
| building |
World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
| collection |
Online Access |
| language |
English en_US |
| topic |
ACCESS TO CAPITAL ACCESS TO CREDIT ACCESS TO FINANCE ACCESS TO RESOURCES ADOPTION ADULT WOMEN ADVERSE CONSEQUENCES AGE AT MARRIAGE AGE OF MARRIAGE ALIMONY ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES ASSET OWNERSHIP AVAILABILITY OF COLLATERAL BANK BARGAINING BARGAINING POWER BENEFIT BENEFITS BENEFITS FOR WOMEN BORROWERS CHILD CHILD WELFARE CHILDREN CLERKS COLLATERAL COOPERATIVE COURTS CREDIT CREDIT ACCESS CREDIT CONSTRAINTS CREDITORS CULTURAL CHANGE CUSTOMARY PRACTICES DEMANDS ON WOMEN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT BANK DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DISCRIMINATION DIVORCE DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC BENEFITS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN ECONOMIC RIGHTS ECONOMICS EDUCATION LEVEL EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES EFFECTS EMPLOYEES EMPLOYERS EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES EMPLOYMENT STATUS EMPOWERING WOMEN EMPOWERMENT ENTERPRISES ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY EQUAL RIGHTS EXPENDITURES FAMILIES FAMILY FAMILY LAW FAMILY LAWS FAMILY RELATIONS FARM ENTERPRISE FEMALE FEMALE EDUCATION FEMALES FINANCE FINANCIAL SUPPORT FIRST MARRIAGE GENDER GENDER AND LAW GENDER DIFFERENCE GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DIMENSION GENDER DISCRIMINATION GENDER DIVISION OF LABOR GENDER EQUALITY GENDER EQUALITY IN RIGHTS GENDER GAPS GENDER INEQUALITIES GENDER INEQUALITY GENDER NEUTRAL GENDER ROLES GENDER SEGREGATION GROUPS OF WOMEN HOME HOMES HOUSEHOLD HOUSEHOLD DYNAMICS HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HOUSEHOLDS HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN RESOURCES HUSBAND HUSBANDS INCOME INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS INDIVIDUAL WELFARE INHERITANCE INHERITANCE RIGHTS INSECURE PROPERTY INTEREST INTERESTS INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY INVESTMENT INVESTMENTS LABOR ECONOMICS LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKETS LABOR MOBILITY LABOR RELATIONS LABOR SUPPLY LABORERS LAND REGISTRATION LAND RIGHTS LARGE CITIES LARGE NUMBER OF WOMEN LAWS LEGAL MARRIAGE LEGAL REFORM LEGAL REFORMS LEGAL RIGHTS LEGISLATION LEVEL OF EDUCATION MACROECONOMIC EFFECTS MANAGEMENT MANDATES MARITAL PROPERTY MARITAL STATUS MARKET INFORMATION MARRIAGE MARRIAGE AGE MARRIAGE FOR GIRLS MARRIAGE PARTNERS MARRIAGES MARRIED COUPLES MARRIED WOMEN MILLENNIUM DECLARATION MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS MINIMUM AGE OF MARRIAGE MINIMUM AGE OF MARRIAGE FOR WOMEN NATIONAL LEVEL NUMBER OF WOMEN OCCUPATIONS OLDER WOMEN OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN ORGANIZATIONS OUTCOMES PARENTAL LEAVE PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN PARTNERS PEOPLE POLICY POLICY CHANGE POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL ECONOMY POPULATION POPULATION DENSITY POPULATION GROWTH POPULOUS COUNTRY POWER OF WOMEN PRODUCTIVITY PROGRESS PROPERTY OWNER PROPERTY RIGHT PROPERTY RIGHTS PROPORTION OF WOMEN RACIAL DISCRIMINATION RADIO RAPE RATES OF POPULATION RED TAPE REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN RISK RURAL AREAS SENSITIVE POLICIES SEXUAL DIVISION OF LABOR SINGLE WOMEN SKILLED WORKERS SMALL BUSINESS SOCIAL CHANGE SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS SPOUSE SPOUSES TRADITIONAL FAMILY TRADITIONAL GENDER ROLES TV UNDP UNEMPLOYMENT UNIFEM UNION UNITED NATIONS UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT FUND FOR WOMEN UNMARRIED WOMEN URBAN AREAS URBAN EMPLOYMENT URBAN MIGRATION URBAN WOMEN URBANIZATION VALUE VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN WELFARE WHO WIDOWS WIFE WILL WIVES WOMEN WOMEN EMPLOYEES WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS YOUNG WOMEN |
| spellingShingle |
ACCESS TO CAPITAL ACCESS TO CREDIT ACCESS TO FINANCE ACCESS TO RESOURCES ADOPTION ADULT WOMEN ADVERSE CONSEQUENCES AGE AT MARRIAGE AGE OF MARRIAGE ALIMONY ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES ASSET OWNERSHIP AVAILABILITY OF COLLATERAL BANK BARGAINING BARGAINING POWER BENEFIT BENEFITS BENEFITS FOR WOMEN BORROWERS CHILD CHILD WELFARE CHILDREN CLERKS COLLATERAL COOPERATIVE COURTS CREDIT CREDIT ACCESS CREDIT CONSTRAINTS CREDITORS CULTURAL CHANGE CUSTOMARY PRACTICES DEMANDS ON WOMEN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT BANK DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DISCRIMINATION DIVORCE DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC BENEFITS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN ECONOMIC RIGHTS ECONOMICS EDUCATION LEVEL EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES EFFECTS EMPLOYEES EMPLOYERS EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES EMPLOYMENT STATUS EMPOWERING WOMEN EMPOWERMENT ENTERPRISES ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY EQUAL RIGHTS EXPENDITURES FAMILIES FAMILY FAMILY LAW FAMILY LAWS FAMILY RELATIONS FARM ENTERPRISE FEMALE FEMALE EDUCATION FEMALES FINANCE FINANCIAL SUPPORT FIRST MARRIAGE GENDER GENDER AND LAW GENDER DIFFERENCE GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DIMENSION GENDER DISCRIMINATION GENDER DIVISION OF LABOR GENDER EQUALITY GENDER EQUALITY IN RIGHTS GENDER GAPS GENDER INEQUALITIES GENDER INEQUALITY GENDER NEUTRAL GENDER ROLES GENDER SEGREGATION GROUPS OF WOMEN HOME HOMES HOUSEHOLD HOUSEHOLD DYNAMICS HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HOUSEHOLDS HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN RESOURCES HUSBAND HUSBANDS INCOME INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS INDIVIDUAL WELFARE INHERITANCE INHERITANCE RIGHTS INSECURE PROPERTY INTEREST INTERESTS INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY INVESTMENT INVESTMENTS LABOR ECONOMICS LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKETS LABOR MOBILITY LABOR RELATIONS LABOR SUPPLY LABORERS LAND REGISTRATION LAND RIGHTS LARGE CITIES LARGE NUMBER OF WOMEN LAWS LEGAL MARRIAGE LEGAL REFORM LEGAL REFORMS LEGAL RIGHTS LEGISLATION LEVEL OF EDUCATION MACROECONOMIC EFFECTS MANAGEMENT MANDATES MARITAL PROPERTY MARITAL STATUS MARKET INFORMATION MARRIAGE MARRIAGE AGE MARRIAGE FOR GIRLS MARRIAGE PARTNERS MARRIAGES MARRIED COUPLES MARRIED WOMEN MILLENNIUM DECLARATION MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS MINIMUM AGE OF MARRIAGE MINIMUM AGE OF MARRIAGE FOR WOMEN NATIONAL LEVEL NUMBER OF WOMEN OCCUPATIONS OLDER WOMEN OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN ORGANIZATIONS OUTCOMES PARENTAL LEAVE PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN PARTNERS PEOPLE POLICY POLICY CHANGE POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL ECONOMY POPULATION POPULATION DENSITY POPULATION GROWTH POPULOUS COUNTRY POWER OF WOMEN PRODUCTIVITY PROGRESS PROPERTY OWNER PROPERTY RIGHT PROPERTY RIGHTS PROPORTION OF WOMEN RACIAL DISCRIMINATION RADIO RAPE RATES OF POPULATION RED TAPE REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN RISK RURAL AREAS SENSITIVE POLICIES SEXUAL DIVISION OF LABOR SINGLE WOMEN SKILLED WORKERS SMALL BUSINESS SOCIAL CHANGE SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS SPOUSE SPOUSES TRADITIONAL FAMILY TRADITIONAL GENDER ROLES TV UNDP UNEMPLOYMENT UNIFEM UNION UNITED NATIONS UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT FUND FOR WOMEN UNMARRIED WOMEN URBAN AREAS URBAN EMPLOYMENT URBAN MIGRATION URBAN WOMEN URBANIZATION VALUE VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN WELFARE WHO WIDOWS WIFE WILL WIVES WOMEN WOMEN EMPLOYEES WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS YOUNG WOMEN Hallward-Driemeier, Mary Gajigo, Ousman Strengthening Economic Rights and Women's Occupational Choice : The Impact of Reforming Ethiopia's Family Law |
| geographic_facet |
Africa Ethiopia |
| relation |
Policy Research Working Paper;No. 6695 |
| description |
This paper evaluates the impact of
strengthening legal rights on the types of economic
opportunities that are pursued. Ethiopia changed its family
law, requiring both spouses' consent in the
administration of marital property, removing the ability of
a spouse to deny permission for the other to work outside
the home, and raising women's minimum age of marriage.
Thus both access to resources and the removal of
restrictions on employment served to strengthen women's
bargaining position within the household and their ability
to pursue economic opportunities. Although this reform now
applies nationally, it was initially rolled out in the two
chartered cities and three of Ethiopia's nine regions.
Using nationally representative household surveys from just
prior to the reform and five years later allows for a
difference-in-difference estimation of the reform's
impact. The analysis finds that women were relatively more
likely to work in occupations that require work outside the
home, employ more educated workers, and in paid and
full-time jobs where the reform had been enacted,
controlling for time and location effects. As the relative
increase in women's participation in these activities
was 15-24 percent higher in areas where the reform was
carried out, the magnitude of the impact is significant too. |
| format |
Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper |
| author |
Hallward-Driemeier, Mary Gajigo, Ousman |
| author_facet |
Hallward-Driemeier, Mary Gajigo, Ousman |
| author_sort |
Hallward-Driemeier, Mary |
| title |
Strengthening Economic Rights and Women's Occupational Choice : The Impact of Reforming Ethiopia's Family Law |
| title_short |
Strengthening Economic Rights and Women's Occupational Choice : The Impact of Reforming Ethiopia's Family Law |
| title_full |
Strengthening Economic Rights and Women's Occupational Choice : The Impact of Reforming Ethiopia's Family Law |
| title_fullStr |
Strengthening Economic Rights and Women's Occupational Choice : The Impact of Reforming Ethiopia's Family Law |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Strengthening Economic Rights and Women's Occupational Choice : The Impact of Reforming Ethiopia's Family Law |
| title_sort |
strengthening economic rights and women's occupational choice : the impact of reforming ethiopia's family law |
| publisher |
World Bank, Washington, DC |
| publishDate |
2014 |
| url |
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/16919 |
| _version_ |
1610777328312385536 |