Calibration and characterization of the IceCube photomultiplier tube

Over 5000 PMTs are being deployed at the South Pole to compose the IceCube neutrino observatory. Many are placed deep in the ice to detect Cherenkov light emitted by the products of high-energy neutrino interactions, and others are frozen into tanks on the surface to detect particles from atmospheri...

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Main Authors:	Abbasi, R., Abdou, Y., Abu-Zayyad, T., Adams, J., Aguilar, J., Ahlers, M., Andeen, K., Auffenberg, J., Bai, X., Baker, M., Barwick, S., Bay, R., Bazo Alba, J., Beattie, K., Beatty, J., Bechet, S., Becker, J., Becker, K., Benabderrahmane, M., Berdermann, J., Berghaus, P., Berley, D., Bernardini, E., Bertrand, D., Besson, D., Bissok, M., Blaufuss, E., Boersma, D., Bohm, C., Botner, O., Bradley, L., Braun, J., Buitink, S., Carson, Michael, Chirkin, D., Christy, B., Clem, J., Cohen, S., Colnard, C., Cowen, D., D'Agostino, M., Danninger, M., De Clercq, C., Demirörs, L., Depaepe, O., Descamps, F., Desiati, P., De Vries-Uiterweerd, G., DeYoung, T., Díaz-Vélez, J., Dreyer, J., Dumm, J., Duvoort, M., Ehrlich, R., Eisch, J., Ellsworth, R., Engdegård, O., Euler, S., Evenson, P., Fadiran, O., Fazely, A., Feusels, T., Filimonov, K., Finley, C., Foerster, M., Fox, B., Franckowiak, A., Franke, R., Gaisser, T., Gallagher, J., Ganugapati, R., Geisler, M., Gerhardt, L., Gladstone, L., Goldschmidt, A., Goodman, J., Grant, D., Griesel, T., Groß, A., Grullon, S., Gunasingha, R., Gurtner, M., Ha, C., Hallgren, A., Halzen, F., Han, K., Hanson, K., Hasegawa, Y., Haugen, J., Helbing, K., Herquet, P., Hickford, S., Hill, G., Hoffman, K., Homeier, A.
Format:	Journal Article
Published:	Elsevier 2010
Online Access:	http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/28575

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spelling	curtin-20.500.11937-285752018-03-29T09:09:14Z Calibration and characterization of the IceCube photomultiplier tube Abbasi, R. Abdou, Y. Abu-Zayyad, T. Adams, J. Aguilar, J. Ahlers, M. Andeen, K. Auffenberg, J. Bai, X. Baker, M. Barwick, S. Bay, R. Bazo Alba, J. Beattie, K. Beatty, J. Bechet, S. Becker, J. Becker, K. Benabderrahmane, M. Berdermann, J. Berghaus, P. Berley, D. Bernardini, E. Bertrand, D. Besson, D. Bissok, M. Blaufuss, E. Boersma, D. Bohm, C. Botner, O. Bradley, L. Braun, J. Buitink, S. Carson, Michael Chirkin, D. Christy, B. Clem, J. Cohen, S. Colnard, C. Cowen, D. D'Agostino, M. Danninger, M. De Clercq, C. Demirörs, L. Depaepe, O. Descamps, F. Desiati, P. De Vries-Uiterweerd, G. DeYoung, T. Díaz-Vélez, J. Dreyer, J. Dumm, J. Duvoort, M. Ehrlich, R. Eisch, J. Ellsworth, R. Engdegård, O. Euler, S. Evenson, P. Fadiran, O. Fazely, A. Feusels, T. Filimonov, K. Finley, C. Foerster, M. Fox, B. Franckowiak, A. Franke, R. Gaisser, T. Gallagher, J. Ganugapati, R. Geisler, M. Gerhardt, L. Gladstone, L. Goldschmidt, A. Goodman, J. Grant, D. Griesel, T. Groß, A. Grullon, S. Gunasingha, R. Gurtner, M. Ha, C. Hallgren, A. Halzen, F. Han, K. Hanson, K. Hasegawa, Y. Haugen, J. Helbing, K. Herquet, P. Hickford, S. Hill, G. Hoffman, K. Homeier, A. Over 5000 PMTs are being deployed at the South Pole to compose the IceCube neutrino observatory. Many are placed deep in the ice to detect Cherenkov light emitted by the products of high-energy neutrino interactions, and others are frozen into tanks on the surface to detect particles from atmospheric cosmic ray showers. IceCube is using the 10-in. diameter R7081-02 made by Hamamatsu Photonics. This paper describes the laboratory characterization and calibration of these PMTs before deployment. PMTs were illuminated with pulses ranging from single photons to saturation level. Parameterizations are given for the single photoelectron charge spectrum and the saturation behavior. Time resolution, late pulses and afterpulses are characterized. Because the PMTs are relatively large, the cathode sensitivity uniformity was measured. The absolute photon detection efficiency was calibrated using Rayleigh-scattered photons from a nitrogen laser. Measured characteristics are discussed in the context of their relevance to IceCube event reconstruction and simulation efforts. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. 2010 Journal Article http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/28575 10.1016/j.nima.2010.03.102 Elsevier restricted
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Local University
institution	Curtin University Malaysia
building	Curtin Institutional Repository
collection	Online Access
description	Over 5000 PMTs are being deployed at the South Pole to compose the IceCube neutrino observatory. Many are placed deep in the ice to detect Cherenkov light emitted by the products of high-energy neutrino interactions, and others are frozen into tanks on the surface to detect particles from atmospheric cosmic ray showers. IceCube is using the 10-in. diameter R7081-02 made by Hamamatsu Photonics. This paper describes the laboratory characterization and calibration of these PMTs before deployment. PMTs were illuminated with pulses ranging from single photons to saturation level. Parameterizations are given for the single photoelectron charge spectrum and the saturation behavior. Time resolution, late pulses and afterpulses are characterized. Because the PMTs are relatively large, the cathode sensitivity uniformity was measured. The absolute photon detection efficiency was calibrated using Rayleigh-scattered photons from a nitrogen laser. Measured characteristics are discussed in the context of their relevance to IceCube event reconstruction and simulation efforts. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.
format	Journal Article
author	Abbasi, R. Abdou, Y. Abu-Zayyad, T. Adams, J. Aguilar, J. Ahlers, M. Andeen, K. Auffenberg, J. Bai, X. Baker, M. Barwick, S. Bay, R. Bazo Alba, J. Beattie, K. Beatty, J. Bechet, S. Becker, J. Becker, K. Benabderrahmane, M. Berdermann, J. Berghaus, P. Berley, D. Bernardini, E. Bertrand, D. Besson, D. Bissok, M. Blaufuss, E. Boersma, D. Bohm, C. Botner, O. Bradley, L. Braun, J. Buitink, S. Carson, Michael Chirkin, D. Christy, B. Clem, J. Cohen, S. Colnard, C. Cowen, D. D'Agostino, M. Danninger, M. De Clercq, C. Demirörs, L. Depaepe, O. Descamps, F. Desiati, P. De Vries-Uiterweerd, G. DeYoung, T. Díaz-Vélez, J. Dreyer, J. Dumm, J. Duvoort, M. Ehrlich, R. Eisch, J. Ellsworth, R. Engdegård, O. Euler, S. Evenson, P. Fadiran, O. Fazely, A. Feusels, T. Filimonov, K. Finley, C. Foerster, M. Fox, B. Franckowiak, A. Franke, R. Gaisser, T. Gallagher, J. Ganugapati, R. Geisler, M. Gerhardt, L. Gladstone, L. Goldschmidt, A. Goodman, J. Grant, D. Griesel, T. Groß, A. Grullon, S. Gunasingha, R. Gurtner, M. Ha, C. Hallgren, A. Halzen, F. Han, K. Hanson, K. Hasegawa, Y. Haugen, J. Helbing, K. Herquet, P. Hickford, S. Hill, G. Hoffman, K. Homeier, A.
spellingShingle	Abbasi, R. Abdou, Y. Abu-Zayyad, T. Adams, J. Aguilar, J. Ahlers, M. Andeen, K. Auffenberg, J. Bai, X. Baker, M. Barwick, S. Bay, R. Bazo Alba, J. Beattie, K. Beatty, J. Bechet, S. Becker, J. Becker, K. Benabderrahmane, M. Berdermann, J. Berghaus, P. Berley, D. Bernardini, E. Bertrand, D. Besson, D. Bissok, M. Blaufuss, E. Boersma, D. Bohm, C. Botner, O. Bradley, L. Braun, J. Buitink, S. Carson, Michael Chirkin, D. Christy, B. Clem, J. Cohen, S. Colnard, C. Cowen, D. D'Agostino, M. Danninger, M. De Clercq, C. Demirörs, L. Depaepe, O. Descamps, F. Desiati, P. De Vries-Uiterweerd, G. DeYoung, T. Díaz-Vélez, J. Dreyer, J. Dumm, J. Duvoort, M. Ehrlich, R. Eisch, J. Ellsworth, R. Engdegård, O. Euler, S. Evenson, P. Fadiran, O. Fazely, A. Feusels, T. Filimonov, K. Finley, C. Foerster, M. Fox, B. Franckowiak, A. Franke, R. Gaisser, T. Gallagher, J. Ganugapati, R. Geisler, M. Gerhardt, L. Gladstone, L. Goldschmidt, A. Goodman, J. Grant, D. Griesel, T. Groß, A. Grullon, S. Gunasingha, R. Gurtner, M. Ha, C. Hallgren, A. Halzen, F. Han, K. Hanson, K. Hasegawa, Y. Haugen, J. Helbing, K. Herquet, P. Hickford, S. Hill, G. Hoffman, K. Homeier, A. Calibration and characterization of the IceCube photomultiplier tube
author_facet	Abbasi, R. Abdou, Y. Abu-Zayyad, T. Adams, J. Aguilar, J. Ahlers, M. Andeen, K. Auffenberg, J. Bai, X. Baker, M. Barwick, S. Bay, R. Bazo Alba, J. Beattie, K. Beatty, J. Bechet, S. Becker, J. Becker, K. Benabderrahmane, M. Berdermann, J. Berghaus, P. Berley, D. Bernardini, E. Bertrand, D. Besson, D. Bissok, M. Blaufuss, E. Boersma, D. Bohm, C. Botner, O. Bradley, L. Braun, J. Buitink, S. Carson, Michael Chirkin, D. Christy, B. Clem, J. Cohen, S. Colnard, C. Cowen, D. D'Agostino, M. Danninger, M. De Clercq, C. Demirörs, L. Depaepe, O. Descamps, F. Desiati, P. De Vries-Uiterweerd, G. DeYoung, T. Díaz-Vélez, J. Dreyer, J. Dumm, J. Duvoort, M. Ehrlich, R. Eisch, J. Ellsworth, R. Engdegård, O. Euler, S. Evenson, P. Fadiran, O. Fazely, A. Feusels, T. Filimonov, K. Finley, C. Foerster, M. Fox, B. Franckowiak, A. Franke, R. Gaisser, T. Gallagher, J. Ganugapati, R. Geisler, M. Gerhardt, L. Gladstone, L. Goldschmidt, A. Goodman, J. Grant, D. Griesel, T. Groß, A. Grullon, S. Gunasingha, R. Gurtner, M. Ha, C. Hallgren, A. Halzen, F. Han, K. Hanson, K. Hasegawa, Y. Haugen, J. Helbing, K. Herquet, P. Hickford, S. Hill, G. Hoffman, K. Homeier, A.
author_sort	Abbasi, R.
title	Calibration and characterization of the IceCube photomultiplier tube
title_short	Calibration and characterization of the IceCube photomultiplier tube
title_full	Calibration and characterization of the IceCube photomultiplier tube
title_fullStr	Calibration and characterization of the IceCube photomultiplier tube
title_full_unstemmed	Calibration and characterization of the IceCube photomultiplier tube
title_sort	calibration and characterization of the icecube photomultiplier tube
publisher	Elsevier
publishDate	2010
url	http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/28575
first_indexed	2018-09-06T21:20:30Z
last_indexed	2018-09-06T21:20:30Z
_version_	1610894625280622592

Calibration and characterization of the IceCube photomultiplier tube

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