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    Combination of mussel shell and potassium hydroxide as solid waste basic catalyst (SWBC) for fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) synthesis from castor oil by Nurul 'Adilah, Rosnan

    Published 2015
    “…The SWBC were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). …”
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    Synthesis and characterisation of CaO derived from cockleshell as a support for mixed-MgO and Fe₂O₃ catalysts for fame production using waste cooking oil by Salim, Ezzah Mahmudah

    Published 2018
    “…The catalysts were characterized in detail by both qualitative and quantitative methods such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), temperature programmed desorption of ammonia and carbon dioxide (TPD-NH3 and TPD-CO2), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analyses, while the synthesized biodiesel was characterized using gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID). …”
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    Rapid profiling of animal-derived fatty acids using fast GC x GC coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry by Chin, Sung-Tong, Yaakob, Che Man, Tan, Chin Ping, Mat Hashim, Dzulkifly

    Published 2009
    “…Rapid profiling of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) from five different animal sources was examined in this study using fast comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (fast GC x GC-TOFMS). …”
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    Assessment of morphometric variation, growth performance, disease resistance and nutritional value of clariid catfish hybrid (Clarias macrocephalus Gunther, 1864 x Clarias gariepin... by Mohamad, Nora Faten Afifah

    Published 2020
    “…The present study was carried out to access the morphometric variation and performance of crossbreed of Clarias macrocephalus (♀) and Clarias gariepinus (♂), (hybrid CMxCG) and its parental species; female, CM (C. macrocephalus♀ x C. macrocephalus ♂); male, CG (C. gariepinus♀ x C. gariepinus♂). …”
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    Synthesis, Characterization And Activity Of Mixed Metal Oxide (Mg, Zn, Al) Catalysts For Transesterification Of Waste Cooking Palm Oil, Edible And Non-Edible Oils by Olutoye, Moses Aderemi

    Published 2012
    “…This research focused on the development and synthesis of solid catalyst from combination of some metals to produce composite catalyst with KyMg1-xZn1+xAl(2-y)/3O3 (at y = 0 and 0.1≤ x ≤0.9) suitable to produce FAME from different vegetable oils-edible and non-edible sources (refined palm oil (RPO), waste cooking palm oil (WCPO), coconut oil (CCO), palm kernel oil (PKO) and crude jatropha oil (CJO)) most specifically from palm oil since Malaysia is one of the world’s largest producer and it’s available in commercial quantity.…”
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    Development of calcium oxide-based catalyst derived from waste shell for biodiesel production from Nannochloropsis oculata oil and palm fatty acid distillate by Osman, Nur Syazwani

    Published 2017
    “…Calcined angel wing shell (CAWS) at 900 ̊C shows highest FAME yield (84.11%) at oil:methanol molar ratio 1:150 and catalyst loading of 9 wt.% in 1 h reaction and can be reused for more than three times. …”
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    Biodiesel production from crude Jatropha Curcas oil using calcium based mixed oxide catalysts by Teo, Siow Hwa, Rashid, Umer, Yap, Taufiq Yun Hin

    Published 2014
    “…Non-edible crude Jatropha curcus oil (JCO) was used as feedstocks for fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) synthesis in the presence of CaO–NiO and CaO–Nd2O3 mixed oxides. …”
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    Development of a lithium based chicken bone (Li-Cb) composite as an efficient catalyst for biodiesel production by Al Sharifi, M., Znad, Hussein

    Published 2019
    “…Moreover, the prepared catalyst (2Li-Cb850) showed sustained activity after being recycled and reused for 5 times with FAME content?>?82%.…”
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    Synthesis, Characterization And Catalytic Activity Of Cao-Based Catalysts In Transesterification Of Non-Edible And Waste Cooking Oils Into Glycerol-Free Fatty Acid Methyl Ester by Syamsuddin, Yanna

    Published 2017
    “…Biodiesel, known as fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), has become more interesting as an alternative fuel due to its renewability and low emissions. …”
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    Production of biodiesel over waste seashell-derived active and stable extrudate catalysts in a fixed-bed reactor by Jindapon, Wayu, Veerappan, Veeramuthu, Rashid, Umer, Rojviriya, Catleya, Pakawanit, Phakkhananan, Ngamcharussrivichai, Chawalit

    Published 2020
    “…In this work, waste seashell (Meretrix meretrix) was used as a renewable calcium source to prepare a series of heterogeneous base catalysts for production of biodiesel, a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), via transesterification of palm oil with methanol in a continuous-flow fixed-bed reactor. …”
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    Biodiesel production from grease trap waste and its purification using activated biochar derived from woodchips biomass by Jariah, Nurhanani Fatihah

    Published 2021
    “…The activated biochar was characterised by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). …”
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    Preparation and characterisation of calcium oxide from gypsum based compound for transesterification of waste cooking oil by Neshabran, Ramachandran

    Published 2018
    “…Engine testing was conducted using B10 biodiesel blend made from FAME produced. The X-Ray Diffraction diffractograms from CaO preparation samples were analysed using Match! …”
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    Low-cost solid catalyst derived from waste Cyrtopleura costata (Angel Wing Shell) for biodiesel production using microalgae oil by Osman, Nur Syazwani, Rashid, Umer, Yap, Taufiq Yun Hin

    Published 2015
    “…This also corresponded to optimization condition where, CAWS 900 showed highest FAME yield (84.11%) at oil to methanol molar ratio 1:150 and catalyst loading of 9 wt.% in 1 h reaction time. …”
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    Esterification of high free fatty acids in supercritical methanol using sulfated angel wing shells as catalyst by Osman, Nur Syazwani, Ibrahim, Mohd Lokman, Wahyudiono, Kanda, Hideki, Goto, Motonobu, Yap, Taufiq Yun Hin

    Published 2017
    “…The catalyst could also be reused up to seven cycles with a FAME yield higher than 80% in the last cycle. The characterization of spent catalyst has been performed by using XRD, FTIR, TPD-NH3 and SEM.…”
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