Taking the Spirit Out of Levelling
Orthometric heights are normally derived using conventional spirit levelling techniques. Such techniques have always been one of the more laborious, timeconsuming and costly exercises in surveying. However, with the advent of GPS, ellipsoidal heights can be derived very accurately over a short peri...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Fakulti Ukur dan Harta Tanah
1994
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| Online Access: | http://eprints.utm.my/4872/ http://eprints.utm.my/4872/1/Taking.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848890908523626496 |
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| author | Abdullah, Khairul Anuar |
| author_facet | Abdullah, Khairul Anuar |
| author_sort | Abdullah, Khairul Anuar |
| building | UTeM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Orthometric heights are normally derived using conventional spirit levelling techniques. Such techniques have always been one of the more laborious, timeconsuming and costly exercises in surveying. However, with the advent of
GPS, ellipsoidal heights can be derived very accurately over a short period.Thus, for many applications, the GPS technique can replace the spirit level method in determining Orthometric height. This is accomplished by converting the GPS derived ellipsoidal height into Orthometric height. This paper describes three method that can be employed for such conversion process. They comprise of a local geoid surface fitting solution, a local gravimetric solution and a global
geoid solution. A test network located in the north-east of England was used in this study. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T20:49:33Z |
| format | Article |
| id | utm-4872 |
| institution | Universiti Teknologi Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T20:49:33Z |
| publishDate | 1994 |
| publisher | Fakulti Ukur dan Harta Tanah |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | utm-48722010-06-01T03:21:30Z http://eprints.utm.my/4872/ Taking the Spirit Out of Levelling Abdullah, Khairul Anuar TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) Orthometric heights are normally derived using conventional spirit levelling techniques. Such techniques have always been one of the more laborious, timeconsuming and costly exercises in surveying. However, with the advent of GPS, ellipsoidal heights can be derived very accurately over a short period.Thus, for many applications, the GPS technique can replace the spirit level method in determining Orthometric height. This is accomplished by converting the GPS derived ellipsoidal height into Orthometric height. This paper describes three method that can be employed for such conversion process. They comprise of a local geoid surface fitting solution, a local gravimetric solution and a global geoid solution. A test network located in the north-east of England was used in this study. Fakulti Ukur dan Harta Tanah 1994-10 Article PeerReviewed application/pdf en http://eprints.utm.my/4872/1/Taking.pdf Abdullah, Khairul Anuar (1994) Taking the Spirit Out of Levelling. Buletin Ukur, 5 (3). pp. 185-195. ISSN 0128-4274 |
| spellingShingle | TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) Abdullah, Khairul Anuar Taking the Spirit Out of Levelling |
| title | Taking the Spirit Out of Levelling |
| title_full | Taking the Spirit Out of Levelling |
| title_fullStr | Taking the Spirit Out of Levelling |
| title_full_unstemmed | Taking the Spirit Out of Levelling |
| title_short | Taking the Spirit Out of Levelling |
| title_sort | taking the spirit out of levelling |
| topic | TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) |
| url | http://eprints.utm.my/4872/ http://eprints.utm.my/4872/1/Taking.pdf |