Physical-mechanical properties and thermogravimetric analysis of fired clay brick incorporating palm kernel shell for alternative raw materials
This article explores the potential of incorporating palm kernel shells (PKS) from palm oil mill waste as a clay replacement for fired clay bricks. PKS, an abundant byproduct of palm oil extraction, have high cellulose content and high calorific value, making them an ideal option for clay replacem...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2023
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/9541/ http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/9541/1/J16070_0ca1207b0b1d246405680066ae1fa84c.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848889708086558720 |
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| author | Sarani, Noor Amira Abdul Kadir, Aeslina Md Din, Mohd Fadhil Hashim, Azini Amiza Hassan, Mohd Ikhmal Haqeem Abdul Hamid, Nur Jannah Hashar, Nurul Nabila Huda Hissham, Nur Fatin Nabila S.M. Johan, Siti Farhanah |
| author_facet | Sarani, Noor Amira Abdul Kadir, Aeslina Md Din, Mohd Fadhil Hashim, Azini Amiza Hassan, Mohd Ikhmal Haqeem Abdul Hamid, Nur Jannah Hashar, Nurul Nabila Huda Hissham, Nur Fatin Nabila S.M. Johan, Siti Farhanah |
| author_sort | Sarani, Noor Amira |
| building | UTHM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | This article explores the potential of incorporating palm kernel shells (PKS) from palm oil mill waste as a clay
replacement for fired clay bricks. PKS, an abundant byproduct of palm oil extraction, have high cellulose content
and high calorific value, making them an ideal option for clay replacement in brick making. For this purpose,
clay soil was replaced with different percentages of PKS (0, 1, 5 and 10%) and subjected to a firing temperature
of 1050 ◦C (heating rate of 1 ◦C/min). The physical–mechanical properties such as shape, size, colour, dry
density, water absorption, thermal conductivity, porosity and compressive strength, as well as microstructural
and morphological properties (XRD, SEM-EDX and digital image) and thermal analysis data (TGA-DTA) were
evaluated to determine the effects of replacing PKS in fired clay bricks. The results showed that the incorporation
of PKS increased firing shrinkage and porosity and decreased dry density, compressive strength, and thermal conductivity. However, incorporating more than 5% PKS resulted in lower mechanical properties (24.6 to 11.0 MPa) and higher water absorption (3 to 12%) due to increased firing shrinkage and porosity (0.3 to 0.9% and 13 to 20%, respectively). The bricks also exhibited lower density (1799 to 1645 kg/m3) and improved thermal properties (0.54 to 0.36 W/m.K) due to the development of porosity during the firing process. While the degradation of organic components was a concern, it was determined that all organic components were completely degraded below 650 ◦C and the bricks matured at 950 ◦C. The study concluded that the use of PKS as a partial replacement for clay in brick manufacture is a viable solution for waste management. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T20:30:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | uthm-9541 |
| institution | Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T20:30:28Z |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | uthm-95412023-08-02T03:48:31Z http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/9541/ Physical-mechanical properties and thermogravimetric analysis of fired clay brick incorporating palm kernel shell for alternative raw materials Sarani, Noor Amira Abdul Kadir, Aeslina Md Din, Mohd Fadhil Hashim, Azini Amiza Hassan, Mohd Ikhmal Haqeem Abdul Hamid, Nur Jannah Hashar, Nurul Nabila Huda Hissham, Nur Fatin Nabila S.M. Johan, Siti Farhanah T Technology (General) This article explores the potential of incorporating palm kernel shells (PKS) from palm oil mill waste as a clay replacement for fired clay bricks. PKS, an abundant byproduct of palm oil extraction, have high cellulose content and high calorific value, making them an ideal option for clay replacement in brick making. For this purpose, clay soil was replaced with different percentages of PKS (0, 1, 5 and 10%) and subjected to a firing temperature of 1050 ◦C (heating rate of 1 ◦C/min). The physical–mechanical properties such as shape, size, colour, dry density, water absorption, thermal conductivity, porosity and compressive strength, as well as microstructural and morphological properties (XRD, SEM-EDX and digital image) and thermal analysis data (TGA-DTA) were evaluated to determine the effects of replacing PKS in fired clay bricks. The results showed that the incorporation of PKS increased firing shrinkage and porosity and decreased dry density, compressive strength, and thermal conductivity. However, incorporating more than 5% PKS resulted in lower mechanical properties (24.6 to 11.0 MPa) and higher water absorption (3 to 12%) due to increased firing shrinkage and porosity (0.3 to 0.9% and 13 to 20%, respectively). The bricks also exhibited lower density (1799 to 1645 kg/m3) and improved thermal properties (0.54 to 0.36 W/m.K) due to the development of porosity during the firing process. While the degradation of organic components was a concern, it was determined that all organic components were completely degraded below 650 ◦C and the bricks matured at 950 ◦C. The study concluded that the use of PKS as a partial replacement for clay in brick manufacture is a viable solution for waste management. Elsevier 2023 Article PeerReviewed text en http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/9541/1/J16070_0ca1207b0b1d246405680066ae1fa84c.pdf Sarani, Noor Amira and Abdul Kadir, Aeslina and Md Din, Mohd Fadhil and Hashim, Azini Amiza and Hassan, Mohd Ikhmal Haqeem and Abdul Hamid, Nur Jannah and Hashar, Nurul Nabila Huda and Hissham, Nur Fatin Nabila and S.M. Johan, Siti Farhanah (2023) Physical-mechanical properties and thermogravimetric analysis of fired clay brick incorporating palm kernel shell for alternative raw materials. Construction and Building Materials, 376. pp. 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131032 |
| spellingShingle | T Technology (General) Sarani, Noor Amira Abdul Kadir, Aeslina Md Din, Mohd Fadhil Hashim, Azini Amiza Hassan, Mohd Ikhmal Haqeem Abdul Hamid, Nur Jannah Hashar, Nurul Nabila Huda Hissham, Nur Fatin Nabila S.M. Johan, Siti Farhanah Physical-mechanical properties and thermogravimetric analysis of fired clay brick incorporating palm kernel shell for alternative raw materials |
| title | Physical-mechanical properties and thermogravimetric analysis of fired clay brick incorporating palm kernel shell for alternative raw materials |
| title_full | Physical-mechanical properties and thermogravimetric analysis of fired clay brick incorporating palm kernel shell for alternative raw materials |
| title_fullStr | Physical-mechanical properties and thermogravimetric analysis of fired clay brick incorporating palm kernel shell for alternative raw materials |
| title_full_unstemmed | Physical-mechanical properties and thermogravimetric analysis of fired clay brick incorporating palm kernel shell for alternative raw materials |
| title_short | Physical-mechanical properties and thermogravimetric analysis of fired clay brick incorporating palm kernel shell for alternative raw materials |
| title_sort | physical-mechanical properties and thermogravimetric analysis of fired clay brick incorporating palm kernel shell for alternative raw materials |
| topic | T Technology (General) |
| url | http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/9541/ http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/9541/ http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/9541/1/J16070_0ca1207b0b1d246405680066ae1fa84c.pdf |