Synthesis and characterization of metal sulfates loaded Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (PEFB) for biodiesel production
Biodiesel has been globally accepted as a green substitute for diesel fuel. However, the insecurity of food raised with the application of edible sources in biodiesel production has caused much debate. The feasible alternative technique is the use of inedible and low-grade sources such as palm f...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaya
2022
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| Online Access: | http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/7293/ http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/7293/1/J14280_687b30aad0b95c400ec75cd01ce62842%5B1%5D.pdf |
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| author | Ishfaq, Rahila Ruslan, Nurun Najwa Attan, Nursyafreena Jikan, Suzi Salwah Ameruddin, Amira Saryati |
| author_facet | Ishfaq, Rahila Ruslan, Nurun Najwa Attan, Nursyafreena Jikan, Suzi Salwah Ameruddin, Amira Saryati |
| author_sort | Ishfaq, Rahila |
| building | UTHM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Biodiesel has been globally accepted as a green substitute for diesel fuel. However, the insecurity of food raised with
the application of edible sources in biodiesel production has caused much debate. The feasible alternative technique
is the use of inedible and low-grade sources such as palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD). In this work, the production of
biodiesel (FAME) from PFAD using solid acid catalysts (SACs) derived from palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB) is investigated.
The SACs were synthesized through impregnation of different metal sulfate precursors, i.e. ferrous sulfate heptahydrate
(FeSO4
.7H2
O), copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4
.5H2
O), and magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (MgSO4
.7H2
O) over
PEFB. SEM-EDX observations found that impregnation and then calcination resulted in attachment of sulfur (S) and
improved surface porosity. FT-IR analysis showed that there were distinct interactions between metal sulfates and PEFB.
XRD characterization showed that the prepared catalysts have a crystalline structure. Besides, the catalytic activity of
the SACs was closely associated with their acid densities measured by the titration method. Fe-PEFB catalyst showed
the highest acid density (2.44 mmol/g) among the catalysts studied. To study the effect of process parameters on FFA
conversion (%), optimization of methanol: PFAD molar ratio, catalyst dosage, reaction temperature, and reaction time
was conducted. Maximum FFA conversion of 89.1% was obtained over Fe-PEFB while Cu-PEFB and Mg-PEFB achieved
an FFA conversion of 63 and 56.5%, respectively, under the optimum reaction conditions. Thus, the present study offers
a sustainable and environmentally benign method for biodiesel production. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T20:20:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | uthm-7293 |
| institution | Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T20:20:08Z |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publisher | Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaya |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | uthm-72932022-07-21T03:49:48Z http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/7293/ Synthesis and characterization of metal sulfates loaded Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (PEFB) for biodiesel production Ishfaq, Rahila Ruslan, Nurun Najwa Attan, Nursyafreena Jikan, Suzi Salwah Ameruddin, Amira Saryati T Technology (General) Biodiesel has been globally accepted as a green substitute for diesel fuel. However, the insecurity of food raised with the application of edible sources in biodiesel production has caused much debate. The feasible alternative technique is the use of inedible and low-grade sources such as palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD). In this work, the production of biodiesel (FAME) from PFAD using solid acid catalysts (SACs) derived from palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB) is investigated. The SACs were synthesized through impregnation of different metal sulfate precursors, i.e. ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4 .7H2 O), copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4 .5H2 O), and magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (MgSO4 .7H2 O) over PEFB. SEM-EDX observations found that impregnation and then calcination resulted in attachment of sulfur (S) and improved surface porosity. FT-IR analysis showed that there were distinct interactions between metal sulfates and PEFB. XRD characterization showed that the prepared catalysts have a crystalline structure. Besides, the catalytic activity of the SACs was closely associated with their acid densities measured by the titration method. Fe-PEFB catalyst showed the highest acid density (2.44 mmol/g) among the catalysts studied. To study the effect of process parameters on FFA conversion (%), optimization of methanol: PFAD molar ratio, catalyst dosage, reaction temperature, and reaction time was conducted. Maximum FFA conversion of 89.1% was obtained over Fe-PEFB while Cu-PEFB and Mg-PEFB achieved an FFA conversion of 63 and 56.5%, respectively, under the optimum reaction conditions. Thus, the present study offers a sustainable and environmentally benign method for biodiesel production. Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaya 2022 Article PeerReviewed text en http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/7293/1/J14280_687b30aad0b95c400ec75cd01ce62842%5B1%5D.pdf Ishfaq, Rahila and Ruslan, Nurun Najwa and Attan, Nursyafreena and Jikan, Suzi Salwah and Ameruddin, Amira Saryati (2022) Synthesis and characterization of metal sulfates loaded Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (PEFB) for biodiesel production. Sains Malaysiana, 51 (2). pp. 519-532. http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2022-5102-16 |
| spellingShingle | T Technology (General) Ishfaq, Rahila Ruslan, Nurun Najwa Attan, Nursyafreena Jikan, Suzi Salwah Ameruddin, Amira Saryati Synthesis and characterization of metal sulfates loaded Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (PEFB) for biodiesel production |
| title | Synthesis and characterization of metal sulfates loaded Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (PEFB) for biodiesel production |
| title_full | Synthesis and characterization of metal sulfates loaded Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (PEFB) for biodiesel production |
| title_fullStr | Synthesis and characterization of metal sulfates loaded Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (PEFB) for biodiesel production |
| title_full_unstemmed | Synthesis and characterization of metal sulfates loaded Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (PEFB) for biodiesel production |
| title_short | Synthesis and characterization of metal sulfates loaded Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (PEFB) for biodiesel production |
| title_sort | synthesis and characterization of metal sulfates loaded palm empty fruit bunch (pefb) for biodiesel production |
| topic | T Technology (General) |
| url | http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/7293/ http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/7293/ http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/7293/1/J14280_687b30aad0b95c400ec75cd01ce62842%5B1%5D.pdf |