Biodiesel production from canola oil using TiO2CaO as a heterogenous catalyst
Biodiesel is one of the renewable energy sources that is an alternative to fossil diesel that is non-toxic and produces less CO emissions. Transesterification process is a conventional mechanism to produce biodiesel from vegetable oil with a homogeneous or heterogenous catalyst. However, hetero...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Semarak Ilmu Publishing
2022
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| Online Access: | http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/7151/ http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/7151/1/J14177_689f8e4a8f66cfa2e18bf05d2a096e01.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848889016043175936 |
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| author | Abdulkareem, Ali Nasr Nasir, Nurul Fitriah |
| author_facet | Abdulkareem, Ali Nasr Nasir, Nurul Fitriah |
| author_sort | Abdulkareem, Ali Nasr |
| building | UTHM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Biodiesel is one of the renewable energy sources that is an alternative to fossil diesel
that is non-toxic and produces less CO emissions. Transesterification process is a
conventional mechanism to produce biodiesel from vegetable oil with a homogeneous
or heterogenous catalyst. However, heterogenous catalysts are considered as more
efficient than homogenous catalysts. Recently, TiO2/CaO has been used as a
compound heterogenous catalyst to produce biodiesel produce from palm oil, waste
cooking oils and algae. In this research, biodiesel was manufactured using canola oil as
a feedstock and titanium dioxide / calcium oxide (TiO2/CaO) as a catalyst. The aim of
this study is to prepare the catalyst, investigate the transesterification process and
measure the chemical and physical biodiesel properties. Catalyst preparation required
four stages: dry mixing, wet mixing, water separation and catalyst activation where
there were two temperature phases (200 °C and 600 °C). Catalyst mixed with methanol
by 1:16 ratio had different mixing time phases (30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 90
minutes). The Transesterification process was by blending the catalyst-methanol
mixture with canola oil under 3 phases (4 hours, 5 hours, and 6 hours). The catalyst
characterization was by analysis of X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM), temperature activation effects and activation time effects. The
transesterification process analysis showed that the optimization conditions to
produce biodiesel are 600 °C activation catalyst temperature, 90 minutes of catalyst�methanol mixing, 1.5% wt. catalyst concentration and 5 hours of transesterification
time. The biodiesel yield was 96.9%. Moreover, new parameters were applied for this
research (time and temperature of activation catalyst, catalyst-methanol mixing
parameters and transesterification process conditions). Biodiesel properties
(kinematic viscosity, flash point and water content) were measured according to ASTM
D6751 standards and similarity was 98%. Therefore, biodiesel can be produced from
canola oil and TiO2/CaO, but this still needs more studies on several topics such as the
blending of canola with multi feedstocks, the ethanol impact and catalyst poisoning in
the case of using TiO2-CaO as a catalyst. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T20:19:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | uthm-7151 |
| institution | Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T20:19:28Z |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publisher | Semarak Ilmu Publishing |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | uthm-71512022-06-14T02:09:37Z http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/7151/ Biodiesel production from canola oil using TiO2CaO as a heterogenous catalyst Abdulkareem, Ali Nasr Nasir, Nurul Fitriah T Technology (General) Biodiesel is one of the renewable energy sources that is an alternative to fossil diesel that is non-toxic and produces less CO emissions. Transesterification process is a conventional mechanism to produce biodiesel from vegetable oil with a homogeneous or heterogenous catalyst. However, heterogenous catalysts are considered as more efficient than homogenous catalysts. Recently, TiO2/CaO has been used as a compound heterogenous catalyst to produce biodiesel produce from palm oil, waste cooking oils and algae. In this research, biodiesel was manufactured using canola oil as a feedstock and titanium dioxide / calcium oxide (TiO2/CaO) as a catalyst. The aim of this study is to prepare the catalyst, investigate the transesterification process and measure the chemical and physical biodiesel properties. Catalyst preparation required four stages: dry mixing, wet mixing, water separation and catalyst activation where there were two temperature phases (200 °C and 600 °C). Catalyst mixed with methanol by 1:16 ratio had different mixing time phases (30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 90 minutes). The Transesterification process was by blending the catalyst-methanol mixture with canola oil under 3 phases (4 hours, 5 hours, and 6 hours). The catalyst characterization was by analysis of X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), temperature activation effects and activation time effects. The transesterification process analysis showed that the optimization conditions to produce biodiesel are 600 °C activation catalyst temperature, 90 minutes of catalyst�methanol mixing, 1.5% wt. catalyst concentration and 5 hours of transesterification time. The biodiesel yield was 96.9%. Moreover, new parameters were applied for this research (time and temperature of activation catalyst, catalyst-methanol mixing parameters and transesterification process conditions). Biodiesel properties (kinematic viscosity, flash point and water content) were measured according to ASTM D6751 standards and similarity was 98%. Therefore, biodiesel can be produced from canola oil and TiO2/CaO, but this still needs more studies on several topics such as the blending of canola with multi feedstocks, the ethanol impact and catalyst poisoning in the case of using TiO2-CaO as a catalyst. Semarak Ilmu Publishing 2022 Article PeerReviewed text en http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/7151/1/J14177_689f8e4a8f66cfa2e18bf05d2a096e01.pdf Abdulkareem, Ali Nasr and Nasir, Nurul Fitriah (2022) Biodiesel production from canola oil using TiO2CaO as a heterogenous catalyst. Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, 93 (2). pp. 125-137. ISSN 2811-3950 https://doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.93.2.125137 |
| spellingShingle | T Technology (General) Abdulkareem, Ali Nasr Nasir, Nurul Fitriah Biodiesel production from canola oil using TiO2CaO as a heterogenous catalyst |
| title | Biodiesel production from canola oil using TiO2CaO as a heterogenous catalyst |
| title_full | Biodiesel production from canola oil using TiO2CaO as a heterogenous catalyst |
| title_fullStr | Biodiesel production from canola oil using TiO2CaO as a heterogenous catalyst |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biodiesel production from canola oil using TiO2CaO as a heterogenous catalyst |
| title_short | Biodiesel production from canola oil using TiO2CaO as a heterogenous catalyst |
| title_sort | biodiesel production from canola oil using tio2cao as a heterogenous catalyst |
| topic | T Technology (General) |
| url | http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/7151/ http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/7151/ http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/7151/1/J14177_689f8e4a8f66cfa2e18bf05d2a096e01.pdf |