Wireless electromagnetic radiation assessment based on the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR): a review case study
Employing electromagnetic fields (EMFs) in new wireless communication and sensing technologies has substantially increased the level of human exposure to EMF waves. This paper presents a useful insight into the interaction of electromagnetic fields with biological media that is defined by the hea...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI
2022
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/6893/ http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/6893/1/J13958_c1ac1c7c1887a58028a45a3ce2e32418.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848888941524025344 |
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| author | Abdul-Al, Mohamed I. Amar, Ahmed S. Elfergani, Issa Littlehales, Richard Parchin, Naser Ojaroudi Al-Yasir, Yasir Chan, Hwang See Zhou, Dawei Zainal Abidin, Zuhairiah Alibakhshikenari, Mohammad Zebiri, Chemseddine Elmegri, Fauzi Abusitta, Musa Ullah, Atta Abdussalam, Fathi M. A. Rodriguez, Jonathan McEwan, Neil J. Noras, James Hodgetts, Russell Abd-Alhameed, Raed A. |
| author_facet | Abdul-Al, Mohamed I. Amar, Ahmed S. Elfergani, Issa Littlehales, Richard Parchin, Naser Ojaroudi Al-Yasir, Yasir Chan, Hwang See Zhou, Dawei Zainal Abidin, Zuhairiah Alibakhshikenari, Mohammad Zebiri, Chemseddine Elmegri, Fauzi Abusitta, Musa Ullah, Atta Abdussalam, Fathi M. A. Rodriguez, Jonathan McEwan, Neil J. Noras, James Hodgetts, Russell Abd-Alhameed, Raed A. |
| author_sort | Abdul-Al, Mohamed |
| building | UTHM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Employing electromagnetic fields (EMFs) in new wireless communication and sensing
technologies has substantially increased the level of human exposure to EMF waves. This paper
presents a useful insight into the interaction of electromagnetic fields with biological media that is
defined by the heat generation due to induced currents and dielectric loss. The specific absorption
rate (SAR) defines the heating amount in a biological medium that is irradiated by an electromagnetic
field value. The paper reviews the radio frequency hazards due to the SAR based on various safety
standards and organisations, including a detailed investigation of previously published work in
terms of modelling and measurements. It also summarises the most common techniques utilised
between 1978 and 2021, in terms of the operational frequency spectrum, bandwidth, and SAR values. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T20:18:17Z |
| format | Article |
| id | uthm-6893 |
| institution | Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T20:18:17Z |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publisher | MDPI |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | uthm-68932022-04-07T02:36:28Z http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/6893/ Wireless electromagnetic radiation assessment based on the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR): a review case study Abdul-Al, Mohamed I. Amar, Ahmed S. Elfergani, Issa Littlehales, Richard Parchin, Naser Ojaroudi Al-Yasir, Yasir Chan, Hwang See Zhou, Dawei Zainal Abidin, Zuhairiah Alibakhshikenari, Mohammad Zebiri, Chemseddine Elmegri, Fauzi Abusitta, Musa Ullah, Atta Abdussalam, Fathi M. A. Rodriguez, Jonathan McEwan, Neil J. Noras, James Hodgetts, Russell Abd-Alhameed, Raed A. TK5101-6720 Telecommunication. Including telegraphy, telephone, radio, radar, television Employing electromagnetic fields (EMFs) in new wireless communication and sensing technologies has substantially increased the level of human exposure to EMF waves. This paper presents a useful insight into the interaction of electromagnetic fields with biological media that is defined by the heat generation due to induced currents and dielectric loss. The specific absorption rate (SAR) defines the heating amount in a biological medium that is irradiated by an electromagnetic field value. The paper reviews the radio frequency hazards due to the SAR based on various safety standards and organisations, including a detailed investigation of previously published work in terms of modelling and measurements. It also summarises the most common techniques utilised between 1978 and 2021, in terms of the operational frequency spectrum, bandwidth, and SAR values. MDPI 2022 Article PeerReviewed text en http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/6893/1/J13958_c1ac1c7c1887a58028a45a3ce2e32418.pdf Abdul-Al, Mohamed and I. Amar, Ahmed S. and Elfergani, Issa and Littlehales, Richard and Parchin, Naser Ojaroudi and Al-Yasir, Yasir and Chan, Hwang See and Zhou, Dawei and Zainal Abidin, Zuhairiah and Alibakhshikenari, Mohammad and Zebiri, Chemseddine and Elmegri, Fauzi and Abusitta, Musa and Ullah, Atta and Abdussalam, Fathi M. A. and Rodriguez, Jonathan and McEwan, Neil J. and Noras, James and Hodgetts, Russell and Abd-Alhameed, Raed A. (2022) Wireless electromagnetic radiation assessment based on the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR): a review case study. Electronics, 11 (511). pp. 2-31. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11040511 |
| spellingShingle | TK5101-6720 Telecommunication. Including telegraphy, telephone, radio, radar, television Abdul-Al, Mohamed I. Amar, Ahmed S. Elfergani, Issa Littlehales, Richard Parchin, Naser Ojaroudi Al-Yasir, Yasir Chan, Hwang See Zhou, Dawei Zainal Abidin, Zuhairiah Alibakhshikenari, Mohammad Zebiri, Chemseddine Elmegri, Fauzi Abusitta, Musa Ullah, Atta Abdussalam, Fathi M. A. Rodriguez, Jonathan McEwan, Neil J. Noras, James Hodgetts, Russell Abd-Alhameed, Raed A. Wireless electromagnetic radiation assessment based on the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR): a review case study |
| title | Wireless electromagnetic radiation assessment based on the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR): a review case study |
| title_full | Wireless electromagnetic radiation assessment based on the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR): a review case study |
| title_fullStr | Wireless electromagnetic radiation assessment based on the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR): a review case study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Wireless electromagnetic radiation assessment based on the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR): a review case study |
| title_short | Wireless electromagnetic radiation assessment based on the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR): a review case study |
| title_sort | wireless electromagnetic radiation assessment based on the specific absorption rate (sar): a review case study |
| topic | TK5101-6720 Telecommunication. Including telegraphy, telephone, radio, radar, television |
| url | http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/6893/ http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/6893/ http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/6893/1/J13958_c1ac1c7c1887a58028a45a3ce2e32418.pdf |