Optimization Of Flame Retardant Composite Parameters Based On Oil Palm Trunk Using Response Surface Methodology And Its Suitability For Other Biomass
The flame retardant composite discussed in the study was developed by treating oil palm trunk (OPT) with a sodium chloride (NaCl) solution and then bonding it with poly(vinyl) alcohol (PVOH) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) as a filler. The experimental design utilized central composites design (CCD) w...
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
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2024
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| Online Access: | http://eprints.usm.my/62431/ http://eprints.usm.my/62431/1/MADIHAN%20BINTI%20YUSOF%20-%20TESIS%20cut.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848884983437983744 |
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| author | Yusof, Madihan |
| author_facet | Yusof, Madihan |
| author_sort | Yusof, Madihan |
| building | USM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | The flame retardant composite discussed in the study was developed by treating oil palm trunk (OPT) with a sodium chloride (NaCl) solution and then bonding it with poly(vinyl) alcohol (PVOH) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) as a filler. The experimental design utilized central composites design (CCD) within the response surface methodology (RSM) framework to optimize the combination of NaCl, PVOH, and CaCO3 in the OPT composites. The range of combinations for NaCl, PVOH, and CaCO3 varied from 10% to 30%, 10% to 20%, and 4% to 10%, respectively. Optimization criteria were based on their effects on bending strength (MOR), internal bonding (IB), and limited oxygen index (LOI). Through analysis, the optimal ratio for producing flame retardant composite boards from OPT was determined to be NaCl 10%, PVOH 20%, and CaCO3 4%. Predicted values from the empirical model for MOR, IB, and LOI were 12.96 MPa, 4.19 MPa, and 33.73%, respectively. Experimental results closely aligned with these predictions, with MOR at 11.13 MPa, IB at 5.78 MPa, and LOI at 32.3%. The study also investigated the application of this optimal ratio to rubberwood particles, comparing the resulting flame retardant composite board with that of OPT. Various analyses such as Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), UL 94 Testing, Cone Calorimeter testing, image fracture observation, and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) were conducted on the OPT flame retardant composite board. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T19:15:22Z |
| format | Thesis |
| id | usm-62431 |
| institution | Universiti Sains Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T19:15:22Z |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | usm-624312025-06-11T08:05:34Z http://eprints.usm.my/62431/ Optimization Of Flame Retardant Composite Parameters Based On Oil Palm Trunk Using Response Surface Methodology And Its Suitability For Other Biomass Yusof, Madihan TP670-699 Oils, fats, and waxes The flame retardant composite discussed in the study was developed by treating oil palm trunk (OPT) with a sodium chloride (NaCl) solution and then bonding it with poly(vinyl) alcohol (PVOH) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) as a filler. The experimental design utilized central composites design (CCD) within the response surface methodology (RSM) framework to optimize the combination of NaCl, PVOH, and CaCO3 in the OPT composites. The range of combinations for NaCl, PVOH, and CaCO3 varied from 10% to 30%, 10% to 20%, and 4% to 10%, respectively. Optimization criteria were based on their effects on bending strength (MOR), internal bonding (IB), and limited oxygen index (LOI). Through analysis, the optimal ratio for producing flame retardant composite boards from OPT was determined to be NaCl 10%, PVOH 20%, and CaCO3 4%. Predicted values from the empirical model for MOR, IB, and LOI were 12.96 MPa, 4.19 MPa, and 33.73%, respectively. Experimental results closely aligned with these predictions, with MOR at 11.13 MPa, IB at 5.78 MPa, and LOI at 32.3%. The study also investigated the application of this optimal ratio to rubberwood particles, comparing the resulting flame retardant composite board with that of OPT. Various analyses such as Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), UL 94 Testing, Cone Calorimeter testing, image fracture observation, and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) were conducted on the OPT flame retardant composite board. 2024-07 Thesis NonPeerReviewed application/pdf en http://eprints.usm.my/62431/1/MADIHAN%20BINTI%20YUSOF%20-%20TESIS%20cut.pdf Yusof, Madihan (2024) Optimization Of Flame Retardant Composite Parameters Based On Oil Palm Trunk Using Response Surface Methodology And Its Suitability For Other Biomass. PhD thesis, Universiti Sains Malaysia. |
| spellingShingle | TP670-699 Oils, fats, and waxes Yusof, Madihan Optimization Of Flame Retardant Composite Parameters Based On Oil Palm Trunk Using Response Surface Methodology And Its Suitability For Other Biomass |
| title | Optimization Of Flame Retardant Composite Parameters Based On Oil Palm Trunk Using Response Surface Methodology And Its Suitability For Other Biomass |
| title_full | Optimization Of Flame Retardant Composite Parameters Based On Oil Palm Trunk Using Response Surface Methodology And Its Suitability For Other Biomass |
| title_fullStr | Optimization Of Flame Retardant Composite Parameters Based On Oil Palm Trunk Using Response Surface Methodology And Its Suitability For Other Biomass |
| title_full_unstemmed | Optimization Of Flame Retardant Composite Parameters Based On Oil Palm Trunk Using Response Surface Methodology And Its Suitability For Other Biomass |
| title_short | Optimization Of Flame Retardant Composite Parameters Based On Oil Palm Trunk Using Response Surface Methodology And Its Suitability For Other Biomass |
| title_sort | optimization of flame retardant composite parameters based on oil palm trunk using response surface methodology and its suitability for other biomass |
| topic | TP670-699 Oils, fats, and waxes |
| url | http://eprints.usm.my/62431/ http://eprints.usm.my/62431/1/MADIHAN%20BINTI%20YUSOF%20-%20TESIS%20cut.pdf |