Assessing the level of serum heavy metals (lead, cadmium and arsenic) among Kota Bharu Firefighters
Firefighters are frequently exposed to significant concentrations of hazardous materials. They are exposed to smoke particles that spread through inhalation or skin and clothing contamination, with following absorption of adsorbed chemicals through the skin at the fire scene or at later times. Th...
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| Format: | Monograph |
| Language: | English |
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Universiti Sains Malaysia
2016
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| Online Access: | http://eprints.usm.my/62393/ http://eprints.usm.my/62393/1/SHAQINA%20BINTI%20RAMLAN%20-%20e.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848884971910987776 |
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| author | Ramlan, Shaqina |
| author_facet | Ramlan, Shaqina |
| author_sort | Ramlan, Shaqina |
| building | USM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Firefighters are frequently exposed to significant concentrations of hazardous materials.
They are exposed to smoke particles that spread through inhalation or skin and
clothing contamination, with following absorption of adsorbed chemicals through the
skin at the fire scene or at later times. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of
heavy metals (lead, cadmium and arsenic) in serum among firefighters. A crosssectional
study design utilizing convenient sampling method was used to recruit 17
firefighters from Kota Bharu firestation as the exposed group and 17 staffs from
Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health campus as the control group for this study. Blood
samples were collected from all volunteer subjects and investigated for relevant
parameters. Arsenic was the highest heavy metal level detected in Kota Bharu
firefighters followed by lead and cadmium respectively. The results obtained showed
that there was no significant difference in serum heavy metal levels in Kota Bharu
firefighters as compared to normal control group (p>0.05). There was also no
significant difference in serum heavy metals of Kota Bharu firefighters and normal
control group and smoking status. It showed that lead and arsenic levels were higher
among ex-smokers while cadmium levels were higher among smokers. Comparison
between smoker and non-smoker group, smoker and ex-smoker group and nonsmoker
and ex-smoker group showed no significant difference in all the groups tested.
The varying recent fire incidents experienced by the firefighters may lead to the
insignificant level of the heavy metals. Other factors may also influence the heavy
metal levels such as smoking status, age, seafood intake, occupational factors and
PPE usage. This study stresses on the importance of acknowledging the occupational
exposure to fire smoke, personal hygiene and cleanliness as well as wearing personal
protective equipment to minimize the risk of heavy metal exposure. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T19:15:11Z |
| format | Monograph |
| id | usm-62393 |
| institution | Universiti Sains Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T19:15:11Z |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| publisher | Universiti Sains Malaysia |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | usm-623932025-06-29T07:19:38Z http://eprints.usm.my/62393/ Assessing the level of serum heavy metals (lead, cadmium and arsenic) among Kota Bharu Firefighters Ramlan, Shaqina R Medicine (General) RA Public aspects of medicine Firefighters are frequently exposed to significant concentrations of hazardous materials. They are exposed to smoke particles that spread through inhalation or skin and clothing contamination, with following absorption of adsorbed chemicals through the skin at the fire scene or at later times. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of heavy metals (lead, cadmium and arsenic) in serum among firefighters. A crosssectional study design utilizing convenient sampling method was used to recruit 17 firefighters from Kota Bharu firestation as the exposed group and 17 staffs from Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health campus as the control group for this study. Blood samples were collected from all volunteer subjects and investigated for relevant parameters. Arsenic was the highest heavy metal level detected in Kota Bharu firefighters followed by lead and cadmium respectively. The results obtained showed that there was no significant difference in serum heavy metal levels in Kota Bharu firefighters as compared to normal control group (p>0.05). There was also no significant difference in serum heavy metals of Kota Bharu firefighters and normal control group and smoking status. It showed that lead and arsenic levels were higher among ex-smokers while cadmium levels were higher among smokers. Comparison between smoker and non-smoker group, smoker and ex-smoker group and nonsmoker and ex-smoker group showed no significant difference in all the groups tested. The varying recent fire incidents experienced by the firefighters may lead to the insignificant level of the heavy metals. Other factors may also influence the heavy metal levels such as smoking status, age, seafood intake, occupational factors and PPE usage. This study stresses on the importance of acknowledging the occupational exposure to fire smoke, personal hygiene and cleanliness as well as wearing personal protective equipment to minimize the risk of heavy metal exposure. Universiti Sains Malaysia 2016 Monograph NonPeerReviewed application/pdf en http://eprints.usm.my/62393/1/SHAQINA%20BINTI%20RAMLAN%20-%20e.pdf Ramlan, Shaqina (2016) Assessing the level of serum heavy metals (lead, cadmium and arsenic) among Kota Bharu Firefighters. Project Report. Universiti Sains Malaysia. (Submitted) |
| spellingShingle | R Medicine (General) RA Public aspects of medicine Ramlan, Shaqina Assessing the level of serum heavy metals (lead, cadmium and arsenic) among Kota Bharu Firefighters |
| title | Assessing the level of serum heavy metals
(lead, cadmium and arsenic) among Kota Bharu
Firefighters |
| title_full | Assessing the level of serum heavy metals
(lead, cadmium and arsenic) among Kota Bharu
Firefighters |
| title_fullStr | Assessing the level of serum heavy metals
(lead, cadmium and arsenic) among Kota Bharu
Firefighters |
| title_full_unstemmed | Assessing the level of serum heavy metals
(lead, cadmium and arsenic) among Kota Bharu
Firefighters |
| title_short | Assessing the level of serum heavy metals
(lead, cadmium and arsenic) among Kota Bharu
Firefighters |
| title_sort | assessing the level of serum heavy metals
(lead, cadmium and arsenic) among kota bharu
firefighters |
| topic | R Medicine (General) RA Public aspects of medicine |
| url | http://eprints.usm.my/62393/ http://eprints.usm.my/62393/1/SHAQINA%20BINTI%20RAMLAN%20-%20e.pdf |