Silica Supported Indium Heterogeneous Catalyst In Benzylation And Benzoylation Of Toluene
Indium incorporated silica with different indium content were synthesized via a template free sol-gel method. The silica used was extracted from rice husk (RH) and the resulting catalyst was labeled as RH-xIn (x = 5, 10, 15 and 20). The catalysts were characterized by physico-chemical techniqu...
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
2013
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://eprints.usm.my/45206/ http://eprints.usm.my/45206/1/Sek%20Kei%20Lin24.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848880263593984000 |
|---|---|
| author | Sek, Kei Lin |
| author_facet | Sek, Kei Lin |
| author_sort | Sek, Kei Lin |
| building | USM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Indium incorporated silica with different indium content were synthesized via
a template free sol-gel method. The silica used was extracted from rice husk (RH)
and the resulting catalyst was labeled as RH-xIn (x = 5, 10, 15 and 20).
The catalysts were characterized by physico-chemical techniques such as
FTIR, N2 adsorption (BET), powder XRD, UV-Vis, SEM, EDX, TEM and AAS for
the elemental analysis. RH-blank (without indium) was synthesized as the control for
the reaction. No indium was detected in the RH-blank and the percentage of indium
was found increase from RH-5In to RH-20In. The N2 adsorption analysis showed the
presence of type IV isotherm in RH-blank and RH-xIn, indicating the mesoporous
nature of the catalysts. The XRD recorded a broad band at 2θ = 25°, which showed
their amorphous character. TEM micrographs revealed the catalysts to be composed
of nanoparticles.
Friedel-Craft benzylation and benzoylation of toluene with benzyl chloride
(BC) and benzoyl chloride (BOZ) were carried out by using RH-xIn (x= 5, 10, 15
and 20) as the catalyst. Benzylation of toluene resulted in 4-methyldiphenylmethane
(4-MDM) and 2-methyldiphenylmethane (2-MDM) as the major products while disubstituted
products were detected as minor product. Benzoylation of toluene gave 4-
methylbenzophenone (4-MBP) and 2-methylbenzophenone (2-MBP) as major
products, and 3-methylbenzophenone (3-MBP) as the minor product. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T18:00:21Z |
| format | Thesis |
| id | usm-45206 |
| institution | Universiti Sains Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T18:00:21Z |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | usm-452062019-08-06T07:08:22Z http://eprints.usm.my/45206/ Silica Supported Indium Heterogeneous Catalyst In Benzylation And Benzoylation Of Toluene Sek, Kei Lin TP1-1185 Chemical technology Indium incorporated silica with different indium content were synthesized via a template free sol-gel method. The silica used was extracted from rice husk (RH) and the resulting catalyst was labeled as RH-xIn (x = 5, 10, 15 and 20). The catalysts were characterized by physico-chemical techniques such as FTIR, N2 adsorption (BET), powder XRD, UV-Vis, SEM, EDX, TEM and AAS for the elemental analysis. RH-blank (without indium) was synthesized as the control for the reaction. No indium was detected in the RH-blank and the percentage of indium was found increase from RH-5In to RH-20In. The N2 adsorption analysis showed the presence of type IV isotherm in RH-blank and RH-xIn, indicating the mesoporous nature of the catalysts. The XRD recorded a broad band at 2θ = 25°, which showed their amorphous character. TEM micrographs revealed the catalysts to be composed of nanoparticles. Friedel-Craft benzylation and benzoylation of toluene with benzyl chloride (BC) and benzoyl chloride (BOZ) were carried out by using RH-xIn (x= 5, 10, 15 and 20) as the catalyst. Benzylation of toluene resulted in 4-methyldiphenylmethane (4-MDM) and 2-methyldiphenylmethane (2-MDM) as the major products while disubstituted products were detected as minor product. Benzoylation of toluene gave 4- methylbenzophenone (4-MBP) and 2-methylbenzophenone (2-MBP) as major products, and 3-methylbenzophenone (3-MBP) as the minor product. 2013-06 Thesis NonPeerReviewed application/pdf en http://eprints.usm.my/45206/1/Sek%20Kei%20Lin24.pdf Sek, Kei Lin (2013) Silica Supported Indium Heterogeneous Catalyst In Benzylation And Benzoylation Of Toluene. Masters thesis, Universiti Sains Malaysia. |
| spellingShingle | TP1-1185 Chemical technology Sek, Kei Lin Silica Supported Indium Heterogeneous Catalyst In Benzylation And Benzoylation Of Toluene |
| title | Silica Supported Indium
Heterogeneous Catalyst In
Benzylation And Benzoylation Of
Toluene |
| title_full | Silica Supported Indium
Heterogeneous Catalyst In
Benzylation And Benzoylation Of
Toluene |
| title_fullStr | Silica Supported Indium
Heterogeneous Catalyst In
Benzylation And Benzoylation Of
Toluene |
| title_full_unstemmed | Silica Supported Indium
Heterogeneous Catalyst In
Benzylation And Benzoylation Of
Toluene |
| title_short | Silica Supported Indium
Heterogeneous Catalyst In
Benzylation And Benzoylation Of
Toluene |
| title_sort | silica supported indium
heterogeneous catalyst in
benzylation and benzoylation of
toluene |
| topic | TP1-1185 Chemical technology |
| url | http://eprints.usm.my/45206/ http://eprints.usm.my/45206/1/Sek%20Kei%20Lin24.pdf |