Immunomodulatory strategies for Parapoxvirus: current status and future approaches for the development of vaccines against Orf virus infection
Orf virus (ORFV), the prototype species of the parapoxvirus genus, is the causative agent of contagious ecthyma, an extremely devastating skin disease of sheep, goats, and humans that causes enormous economic losses in livestock production. ORFV is known for its ability to repeatedly infect both pre...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
2021
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/97622/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/97622/1/ABSTRACT.pdf |
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| author | Bukar, Alhaji Modu Abdullah Jesse, Faez Firdaus Che Abdullah, Che Azurahanim M. Noordin, Mustapha Lawan, Zaharaddeen Mangga, Hassana Kyari Balakrishnan, Krishnan Nair Mohd Azmi, Mohd Lila |
| author_facet | Bukar, Alhaji Modu Abdullah Jesse, Faez Firdaus Che Abdullah, Che Azurahanim M. Noordin, Mustapha Lawan, Zaharaddeen Mangga, Hassana Kyari Balakrishnan, Krishnan Nair Mohd Azmi, Mohd Lila |
| author_sort | Bukar, Alhaji Modu |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Orf virus (ORFV), the prototype species of the parapoxvirus genus, is the causative agent of contagious ecthyma, an extremely devastating skin disease of sheep, goats, and humans that causes enormous economic losses in livestock production. ORFV is known for its ability to repeatedly infect both previously infected and vaccinated sheep due to several immunomodulatory genes encoded by the virus that temporarily suppress host immunity. Therefore, the development of novel, safe and effective vaccines against ORFV infection is an important priority. Although, the commercially licensed live-attenuated vaccines have provided partial protection against ORFV infections, the attenuated viruses have been associated with major safety concerns. In addition to safety issues, the persistent reinfection of vaccinated animals warrants the need to investigate several factors that may affect vaccine efficacy. Perhaps, the reason for the failure of the vaccine is due to the long-term adaptation of the virus in tissue culture. In recent years, the development of vaccines against ORFV infection has achieved great success due to technological advances in recombinant DNA technologies, which have opened a pathway for the development of vaccine candidates that elicit robust immunity. In this review, we present current knowledge on immune responses elicited by ORFV, with particular attention to the effects of the viral immunomodulators on the host immune system. We also discuss the implications of strain variation for the development of rational vaccines. Finally, the review will also aim to demonstrate future strategies for the development of safe and efficient vaccines against ORFV infections. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T13:20:24Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-97622 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T13:20:24Z |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publisher | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-976222022-07-21T07:56:52Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/97622/ Immunomodulatory strategies for Parapoxvirus: current status and future approaches for the development of vaccines against Orf virus infection Bukar, Alhaji Modu Abdullah Jesse, Faez Firdaus Che Abdullah, Che Azurahanim M. Noordin, Mustapha Lawan, Zaharaddeen Mangga, Hassana Kyari Balakrishnan, Krishnan Nair Mohd Azmi, Mohd Lila Orf virus (ORFV), the prototype species of the parapoxvirus genus, is the causative agent of contagious ecthyma, an extremely devastating skin disease of sheep, goats, and humans that causes enormous economic losses in livestock production. ORFV is known for its ability to repeatedly infect both previously infected and vaccinated sheep due to several immunomodulatory genes encoded by the virus that temporarily suppress host immunity. Therefore, the development of novel, safe and effective vaccines against ORFV infection is an important priority. Although, the commercially licensed live-attenuated vaccines have provided partial protection against ORFV infections, the attenuated viruses have been associated with major safety concerns. In addition to safety issues, the persistent reinfection of vaccinated animals warrants the need to investigate several factors that may affect vaccine efficacy. Perhaps, the reason for the failure of the vaccine is due to the long-term adaptation of the virus in tissue culture. In recent years, the development of vaccines against ORFV infection has achieved great success due to technological advances in recombinant DNA technologies, which have opened a pathway for the development of vaccine candidates that elicit robust immunity. In this review, we present current knowledge on immune responses elicited by ORFV, with particular attention to the effects of the viral immunomodulators on the host immune system. We also discuss the implications of strain variation for the development of rational vaccines. Finally, the review will also aim to demonstrate future strategies for the development of safe and efficient vaccines against ORFV infections. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute 2021 Article PeerReviewed text en http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/97622/1/ABSTRACT.pdf Bukar, Alhaji Modu and Abdullah Jesse, Faez Firdaus and Che Abdullah, Che Azurahanim and M. Noordin, Mustapha and Lawan, Zaharaddeen and Mangga, Hassana Kyari and Balakrishnan, Krishnan Nair and Mohd Azmi, Mohd Lila (2021) Immunomodulatory strategies for Parapoxvirus: current status and future approaches for the development of vaccines against Orf virus infection. Vaccines, 9 (11). art. no. 1341. pp. 1-25. ISSN 2076-393X https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/9/11/1341 10.3390/vaccines9111341 |
| spellingShingle | Bukar, Alhaji Modu Abdullah Jesse, Faez Firdaus Che Abdullah, Che Azurahanim M. Noordin, Mustapha Lawan, Zaharaddeen Mangga, Hassana Kyari Balakrishnan, Krishnan Nair Mohd Azmi, Mohd Lila Immunomodulatory strategies for Parapoxvirus: current status and future approaches for the development of vaccines against Orf virus infection |
| title | Immunomodulatory strategies for Parapoxvirus: current status and future approaches for the development of vaccines against Orf virus infection |
| title_full | Immunomodulatory strategies for Parapoxvirus: current status and future approaches for the development of vaccines against Orf virus infection |
| title_fullStr | Immunomodulatory strategies for Parapoxvirus: current status and future approaches for the development of vaccines against Orf virus infection |
| title_full_unstemmed | Immunomodulatory strategies for Parapoxvirus: current status and future approaches for the development of vaccines against Orf virus infection |
| title_short | Immunomodulatory strategies for Parapoxvirus: current status and future approaches for the development of vaccines against Orf virus infection |
| title_sort | immunomodulatory strategies for parapoxvirus: current status and future approaches for the development of vaccines against orf virus infection |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/97622/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/97622/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/97622/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/97622/1/ABSTRACT.pdf |