Assessment and detection of the potential contaminants from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber-based biodegradable tray
The advent of food contact material made from oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) fiber serves as a biodegradable alternative to petrochemical-based materials. This material needs to be tested according to strict regulations for its compliance as a food contact material. Present work aims to determine...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2021
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/96076/ |
| _version_ | 1848862291938770944 |
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| author | Mat Ariffin, Naziruddin Jawaid, Mohammad Yusof, Noor Liyana Abdul Mutalib, Noor Azira Ahmad, M. F. Sanny, Maimunah Alzahari, Amir |
| author_facet | Mat Ariffin, Naziruddin Jawaid, Mohammad Yusof, Noor Liyana Abdul Mutalib, Noor Azira Ahmad, M. F. Sanny, Maimunah Alzahari, Amir |
| author_sort | Mat Ariffin, Naziruddin |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | The advent of food contact material made from oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) fiber serves as a biodegradable alternative to petrochemical-based materials. This material needs to be tested according to strict regulations for its compliance as a food contact material. Present work aims to determine the presence of chemical contaminants in the EFB tray as compared to commercially available bagasse fiber-based tray and recycled Kraft fiber-based tray. The chemical contaminants were detected, and their levels were compared to the established limits. Gas Chromatography-Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD) was used to detect and quantify Polychlorinated Biphenyls’ (PCBs) presence in all fiber-based trays. Meanwhile, the presence of phthalates, benzophenone, and 4-methylbenzophenone was quantified by means of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS). The levels of mercury in fiber-based trays was measured by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) and the levels of lead and cadmium was measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). Additionally, formaldehyde migrated to aqueous extracts from fiber-based trays at two conditions (cold and hot) was determined by an ultraviolet-visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy. Each fiber-based tray exhibited different innate chemical contaminants. Fortunately, most of the contaminants identified in the EFB fiber-based tray were found at trace levels. Unexpectedly, the migrated formaldehyde level found in hot water extract of recycled Kraft fiber-based tray was the highest and exceeds the limit set in Commission Regulation (EU) No 10/2011, which is at 15 mg/kg of simulant. The results implied that the EFB fiber-based tray was inert and suitable for its application as food contact material. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T13:14:42Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-96076 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T13:14:42Z |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-960762023-02-23T03:10:03Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/96076/ Assessment and detection of the potential contaminants from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber-based biodegradable tray Mat Ariffin, Naziruddin Jawaid, Mohammad Yusof, Noor Liyana Abdul Mutalib, Noor Azira Ahmad, M. F. Sanny, Maimunah Alzahari, Amir The advent of food contact material made from oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) fiber serves as a biodegradable alternative to petrochemical-based materials. This material needs to be tested according to strict regulations for its compliance as a food contact material. Present work aims to determine the presence of chemical contaminants in the EFB tray as compared to commercially available bagasse fiber-based tray and recycled Kraft fiber-based tray. The chemical contaminants were detected, and their levels were compared to the established limits. Gas Chromatography-Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD) was used to detect and quantify Polychlorinated Biphenyls’ (PCBs) presence in all fiber-based trays. Meanwhile, the presence of phthalates, benzophenone, and 4-methylbenzophenone was quantified by means of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS). The levels of mercury in fiber-based trays was measured by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) and the levels of lead and cadmium was measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). Additionally, formaldehyde migrated to aqueous extracts from fiber-based trays at two conditions (cold and hot) was determined by an ultraviolet-visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy. Each fiber-based tray exhibited different innate chemical contaminants. Fortunately, most of the contaminants identified in the EFB fiber-based tray were found at trace levels. Unexpectedly, the migrated formaldehyde level found in hot water extract of recycled Kraft fiber-based tray was the highest and exceeds the limit set in Commission Regulation (EU) No 10/2011, which is at 15 mg/kg of simulant. The results implied that the EFB fiber-based tray was inert and suitable for its application as food contact material. Elsevier 2021 Article PeerReviewed Mat Ariffin, Naziruddin and Jawaid, Mohammad and Yusof, Noor Liyana and Abdul Mutalib, Noor Azira and Ahmad, M. F. and Sanny, Maimunah and Alzahari, Amir (2021) Assessment and detection of the potential contaminants from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber-based biodegradable tray. Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 29. art. no. 100685. pp. 1-13. ISSN 2214-2894 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214289421000533 10.1016/j.fpsl.2021.100685 |
| spellingShingle | Mat Ariffin, Naziruddin Jawaid, Mohammad Yusof, Noor Liyana Abdul Mutalib, Noor Azira Ahmad, M. F. Sanny, Maimunah Alzahari, Amir Assessment and detection of the potential contaminants from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber-based biodegradable tray |
| title | Assessment and detection of the potential contaminants from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber-based biodegradable tray |
| title_full | Assessment and detection of the potential contaminants from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber-based biodegradable tray |
| title_fullStr | Assessment and detection of the potential contaminants from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber-based biodegradable tray |
| title_full_unstemmed | Assessment and detection of the potential contaminants from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber-based biodegradable tray |
| title_short | Assessment and detection of the potential contaminants from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber-based biodegradable tray |
| title_sort | assessment and detection of the potential contaminants from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber-based biodegradable tray |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/96076/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/96076/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/96076/ |