Anti- enterococcus faecalis, cytotoxicity, phytotoxicity, and anticancer studies on Clausena excavata Burum. f. (Rutaceae) leaves
Background: Clausena excavata Burum. f. has long been applied in ethnomedicine for the treatment of various disorders like rhinitis, headache, cough, wound healing, fever, and detoxification. This study is aimed at investigating the antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 49532 usi...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Published: |
Hindawi Publishing
2021
|
| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/95907/ |
| _version_ | 1848862248992243712 |
|---|---|
| author | Albaayit, Shaymaa Fadhel Abbas Maharjan, Rukesh Abdullah, Rasedee Mohd Noor, Mohd Hezmee |
| author_facet | Albaayit, Shaymaa Fadhel Abbas Maharjan, Rukesh Abdullah, Rasedee Mohd Noor, Mohd Hezmee |
| author_sort | Albaayit, Shaymaa Fadhel Abbas |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Background: Clausena excavata Burum. f. has long been applied in ethnomedicine for the treatment of various disorders like rhinitis, headache, cough, wound healing, fever, and detoxification. This study is aimed at investigating the antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 49532 using AlamarBlue assay and atomic force microscopy (AFM) as well as the cytotoxicity, anticancer, and phytotoxicity of C. excavata. Method: Bacterial cell viability was performed by using microplate AlamarBlue assay. Atomic force microscopy was used to determine morphological changes in the surface of bacterial cells. Cytotoxicity and phytotoxicity were determined by brine shrimp lethality and Lemna minor bioassay. Caco-2 (colorectal adenocarcinoma) cell line was used for the evaluation of the anticancer effects. Result: Among the fractions tested, ethyl acetate (EA) fraction was found to be active with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 750 μg/mL against E. faecalis, but other fractions were found to be insensitive to bacterial growth. Microscopically, the EA fraction-treated bacteria showed highly damaged cells with their cytoplasmic content scattered all over. The LC50 value of the EA fraction against brine shrimp was more than 1000 μg/mL showing the nontoxic nature of this fraction. Chloroform (CH), EA, and methanol (MOH) fractions of C. excavata were highly herbicidal at the concentration of 1000 μg/mL. EA inhibited Caco-2 cell line with an IC50 of 20 μg/mL. Conclusions: This study is the first to reveal anti-E. faecalis property of EA fraction of C. excavata leaves, natural herbicidal, and anticancer agents thus highlight the potential compound present in its leaf which needs to be isolated and tested against multidrug-resistant E. faecalis. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T13:14:01Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-95907 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T13:14:01Z |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publisher | Hindawi Publishing |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-959072023-03-17T03:12:19Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/95907/ Anti- enterococcus faecalis, cytotoxicity, phytotoxicity, and anticancer studies on Clausena excavata Burum. f. (Rutaceae) leaves Albaayit, Shaymaa Fadhel Abbas Maharjan, Rukesh Abdullah, Rasedee Mohd Noor, Mohd Hezmee Background: Clausena excavata Burum. f. has long been applied in ethnomedicine for the treatment of various disorders like rhinitis, headache, cough, wound healing, fever, and detoxification. This study is aimed at investigating the antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 49532 using AlamarBlue assay and atomic force microscopy (AFM) as well as the cytotoxicity, anticancer, and phytotoxicity of C. excavata. Method: Bacterial cell viability was performed by using microplate AlamarBlue assay. Atomic force microscopy was used to determine morphological changes in the surface of bacterial cells. Cytotoxicity and phytotoxicity were determined by brine shrimp lethality and Lemna minor bioassay. Caco-2 (colorectal adenocarcinoma) cell line was used for the evaluation of the anticancer effects. Result: Among the fractions tested, ethyl acetate (EA) fraction was found to be active with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 750 μg/mL against E. faecalis, but other fractions were found to be insensitive to bacterial growth. Microscopically, the EA fraction-treated bacteria showed highly damaged cells with their cytoplasmic content scattered all over. The LC50 value of the EA fraction against brine shrimp was more than 1000 μg/mL showing the nontoxic nature of this fraction. Chloroform (CH), EA, and methanol (MOH) fractions of C. excavata were highly herbicidal at the concentration of 1000 μg/mL. EA inhibited Caco-2 cell line with an IC50 of 20 μg/mL. Conclusions: This study is the first to reveal anti-E. faecalis property of EA fraction of C. excavata leaves, natural herbicidal, and anticancer agents thus highlight the potential compound present in its leaf which needs to be isolated and tested against multidrug-resistant E. faecalis. Hindawi Publishing 2021 Article PeerReviewed Albaayit, Shaymaa Fadhel Abbas and Maharjan, Rukesh and Abdullah, Rasedee and Mohd Noor, Mohd Hezmee (2021) Anti- enterococcus faecalis, cytotoxicity, phytotoxicity, and anticancer studies on Clausena excavata Burum. f. (Rutaceae) leaves. BioMed Research International, 2021. pp. 1-9. ISSN 2314-6133; ESSN: 2314-6141 https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2021/3123476/ 10.1155/2021/3123476 |
| spellingShingle | Albaayit, Shaymaa Fadhel Abbas Maharjan, Rukesh Abdullah, Rasedee Mohd Noor, Mohd Hezmee Anti- enterococcus faecalis, cytotoxicity, phytotoxicity, and anticancer studies on Clausena excavata Burum. f. (Rutaceae) leaves |
| title | Anti- enterococcus faecalis, cytotoxicity, phytotoxicity, and anticancer studies on Clausena excavata Burum. f. (Rutaceae) leaves |
| title_full | Anti- enterococcus faecalis, cytotoxicity, phytotoxicity, and anticancer studies on Clausena excavata Burum. f. (Rutaceae) leaves |
| title_fullStr | Anti- enterococcus faecalis, cytotoxicity, phytotoxicity, and anticancer studies on Clausena excavata Burum. f. (Rutaceae) leaves |
| title_full_unstemmed | Anti- enterococcus faecalis, cytotoxicity, phytotoxicity, and anticancer studies on Clausena excavata Burum. f. (Rutaceae) leaves |
| title_short | Anti- enterococcus faecalis, cytotoxicity, phytotoxicity, and anticancer studies on Clausena excavata Burum. f. (Rutaceae) leaves |
| title_sort | anti- enterococcus faecalis, cytotoxicity, phytotoxicity, and anticancer studies on clausena excavata burum. f. (rutaceae) leaves |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/95907/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/95907/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/95907/ |