The changes in endogenous metabolites in hyperlipidemic rats treated with herbal mixture containing lemon, apple cider, garlic, ginger, and honey
An herbal mixture composed of lemon, apple cider, garlic, ginger and honey as a polyphenolrich mixture (PRM) has been reported to contain hypolipidemic activity on human subjects and hyperlipidemic rats. However, the therapeutic effects of PRM on metabolites are not clearly understood. Therefore, th...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021
|
| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/95348/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/95348/1/The%20changes%20in%20endogenous%20metabolites%20in%20hyperlipidemic%20rats%20treated%20with%20herbal%20mixture%20containing%20lemon%2C%20apple%20cider%2C%20garlic%2C%20ginger%2C%20and%20honey.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848862135559389184 |
|---|---|
| author | Abu Bakar Sajak, Azliana Azlan, Azrina Abas, Faridah Hamzah, Hazilawati |
| author_facet | Abu Bakar Sajak, Azliana Azlan, Azrina Abas, Faridah Hamzah, Hazilawati |
| author_sort | Abu Bakar Sajak, Azliana |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | An herbal mixture composed of lemon, apple cider, garlic, ginger and honey as a polyphenolrich mixture (PRM) has been reported to contain hypolipidemic activity on human subjects and hyperlipidemic rats. However, the therapeutic effects of PRM on metabolites are not clearly understood. Therefore, this study aimed to provide new information on the causal impact of PRM on the endogenous metabolites, pathways and serum biochemistry. Serum samples of hyperlipidemic rats treated with PRM were subjected to biochemistry (lipid and liver profile) and hydroxymethylglutaryl- CoA enzyme reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) analyses. In contrast, the urine samples were subjected to urine metabolomics using 1H NMR. The serum biochemistry revealed that PRM at 500 mg/kg (PRM-H) managed to lower the total cholesterol level and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) (p < 0.05) and reduce the HMG-CoA reductase activity. The pathway analysis from urine metabolomics reveals that PRM-H altered 17 pathways, with the TCA cycle having the highest impact (0.26). Results also showed the relationship between the serum biochemistry of LDL-C and HMG-CoA reductase and urine metabolites (trimethylamine-N-oxide, dimethylglycine, allantoin and succinate). The study’s findings demonstrated the potential of PRM at 500 mg/kg as an anti hyperlipidemic by altering the TCA cycle, inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase and lowering the LDL-C in high cholesterol rats. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T13:12:13Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-95348 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T13:12:13Z |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-953482023-01-04T08:25:15Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/95348/ The changes in endogenous metabolites in hyperlipidemic rats treated with herbal mixture containing lemon, apple cider, garlic, ginger, and honey Abu Bakar Sajak, Azliana Azlan, Azrina Abas, Faridah Hamzah, Hazilawati An herbal mixture composed of lemon, apple cider, garlic, ginger and honey as a polyphenolrich mixture (PRM) has been reported to contain hypolipidemic activity on human subjects and hyperlipidemic rats. However, the therapeutic effects of PRM on metabolites are not clearly understood. Therefore, this study aimed to provide new information on the causal impact of PRM on the endogenous metabolites, pathways and serum biochemistry. Serum samples of hyperlipidemic rats treated with PRM were subjected to biochemistry (lipid and liver profile) and hydroxymethylglutaryl- CoA enzyme reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) analyses. In contrast, the urine samples were subjected to urine metabolomics using 1H NMR. The serum biochemistry revealed that PRM at 500 mg/kg (PRM-H) managed to lower the total cholesterol level and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) (p < 0.05) and reduce the HMG-CoA reductase activity. The pathway analysis from urine metabolomics reveals that PRM-H altered 17 pathways, with the TCA cycle having the highest impact (0.26). Results also showed the relationship between the serum biochemistry of LDL-C and HMG-CoA reductase and urine metabolites (trimethylamine-N-oxide, dimethylglycine, allantoin and succinate). The study’s findings demonstrated the potential of PRM at 500 mg/kg as an anti hyperlipidemic by altering the TCA cycle, inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase and lowering the LDL-C in high cholesterol rats. MDPI AG 2021-10-12 Article PeerReviewed text en http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/95348/1/The%20changes%20in%20endogenous%20metabolites%20in%20hyperlipidemic%20rats%20treated%20with%20herbal%20mixture%20containing%20lemon%2C%20apple%20cider%2C%20garlic%2C%20ginger%2C%20and%20honey.pdf Abu Bakar Sajak, Azliana and Azlan, Azrina and Abas, Faridah and Hamzah, Hazilawati (2021) The changes in endogenous metabolites in hyperlipidemic rats treated with herbal mixture containing lemon, apple cider, garlic, ginger, and honey. Nutrients, 13 (10). art. no. 3573. pp. 1-16. ISSN 2072-6643 https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/10/3573/htm 10.3390/nu13103573 |
| spellingShingle | Abu Bakar Sajak, Azliana Azlan, Azrina Abas, Faridah Hamzah, Hazilawati The changes in endogenous metabolites in hyperlipidemic rats treated with herbal mixture containing lemon, apple cider, garlic, ginger, and honey |
| title | The changes in endogenous metabolites in hyperlipidemic rats treated with herbal mixture containing lemon, apple cider, garlic, ginger, and honey |
| title_full | The changes in endogenous metabolites in hyperlipidemic rats treated with herbal mixture containing lemon, apple cider, garlic, ginger, and honey |
| title_fullStr | The changes in endogenous metabolites in hyperlipidemic rats treated with herbal mixture containing lemon, apple cider, garlic, ginger, and honey |
| title_full_unstemmed | The changes in endogenous metabolites in hyperlipidemic rats treated with herbal mixture containing lemon, apple cider, garlic, ginger, and honey |
| title_short | The changes in endogenous metabolites in hyperlipidemic rats treated with herbal mixture containing lemon, apple cider, garlic, ginger, and honey |
| title_sort | changes in endogenous metabolites in hyperlipidemic rats treated with herbal mixture containing lemon, apple cider, garlic, ginger, and honey |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/95348/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/95348/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/95348/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/95348/1/The%20changes%20in%20endogenous%20metabolites%20in%20hyperlipidemic%20rats%20treated%20with%20herbal%20mixture%20containing%20lemon%2C%20apple%20cider%2C%20garlic%2C%20ginger%2C%20and%20honey.pdf |