Structural and rheological properties of nonedible vegetable oil-based resin
Jatropha oil-based polyol (JOL) was prepared from crude Jatropha oil via an epoxidation and hydroxylation reaction. During the isocyanation step, two different types of diisocyanates; 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (2,4-TDI) and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), were introduced to produce Jatropha oil-based...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/95178/ |
| _version_ | 1848862089935847424 |
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| author | Mudri, Nurul Huda Abdullah, Luqman Chuah Min, Min Aung Awang Biak, Dayang Radiah Tajau, Rida |
| author_facet | Mudri, Nurul Huda Abdullah, Luqman Chuah Min, Min Aung Awang Biak, Dayang Radiah Tajau, Rida |
| author_sort | Mudri, Nurul Huda |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Jatropha oil-based polyol (JOL) was prepared from crude Jatropha oil via an epoxidation and hydroxylation reaction. During the isocyanation step, two different types of diisocyanates; 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (2,4-TDI) and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), were introduced to produce Jatropha oil-based polyurethane acrylates (JPUA). The products were named JPUA-TDI and JPUA-IPDI, respectively. The success of the stepwise reactions of the resins was confirmed using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to support the Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis that was reported in the previous study. For JPUA-TDI, the presence of a signal at 7.94 ppm evidenced the possible side reactions between urethane linkages with secondary amine that resulted in an aryl-urea group (Ar-NH-COO-). Meanwhile, the peak of 2.89 ppm was assigned to the α-position of methylene to the carbamate (-CH2NHCOO) group in the JPUA-IPDI. From the rheological study, JO and JPUA-IPDI in pure form were classified as Newtonian fluids, while JPUA-TDI showed non-Newtonian behaviour with pseudoplastic or shear thinning behaviour at room temperature. At elevated temperatures, the JO, JPUA-IPDI mixture and JPUA-TDI mixture exhibited reductions in viscosity and shear stress as the shear rate increased. The JO and JPUA-IPDI mixture maintained Newtonian fluid behaviour at all temperature ranges. Meanwhile, the JPUA-TDI mixture showed shear thickening at 25 °C and shear thinning at 40 °C, 60 °C and 80 °C. The master curve graph based on the shear rate for the JO, JPUA-TDI mixture and JPUA-IPDI mixture at 25 °C, 40 °C, 60 °C and 80 °C was developed as a fluid behaviour reference for future storage and processing conditions during the encapsulation process. The encapsulation process can be conducted to fabricate a self-healing coating based on a microcapsule triggered either by air or ultra-violet (UV) radiation. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T13:11:29Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-95178 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T13:11:29Z |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-951782023-01-31T08:32:34Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/95178/ Structural and rheological properties of nonedible vegetable oil-based resin Mudri, Nurul Huda Abdullah, Luqman Chuah Min, Min Aung Awang Biak, Dayang Radiah Tajau, Rida Jatropha oil-based polyol (JOL) was prepared from crude Jatropha oil via an epoxidation and hydroxylation reaction. During the isocyanation step, two different types of diisocyanates; 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (2,4-TDI) and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), were introduced to produce Jatropha oil-based polyurethane acrylates (JPUA). The products were named JPUA-TDI and JPUA-IPDI, respectively. The success of the stepwise reactions of the resins was confirmed using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to support the Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis that was reported in the previous study. For JPUA-TDI, the presence of a signal at 7.94 ppm evidenced the possible side reactions between urethane linkages with secondary amine that resulted in an aryl-urea group (Ar-NH-COO-). Meanwhile, the peak of 2.89 ppm was assigned to the α-position of methylene to the carbamate (-CH2NHCOO) group in the JPUA-IPDI. From the rheological study, JO and JPUA-IPDI in pure form were classified as Newtonian fluids, while JPUA-TDI showed non-Newtonian behaviour with pseudoplastic or shear thinning behaviour at room temperature. At elevated temperatures, the JO, JPUA-IPDI mixture and JPUA-TDI mixture exhibited reductions in viscosity and shear stress as the shear rate increased. The JO and JPUA-IPDI mixture maintained Newtonian fluid behaviour at all temperature ranges. Meanwhile, the JPUA-TDI mixture showed shear thickening at 25 °C and shear thinning at 40 °C, 60 °C and 80 °C. The master curve graph based on the shear rate for the JO, JPUA-TDI mixture and JPUA-IPDI mixture at 25 °C, 40 °C, 60 °C and 80 °C was developed as a fluid behaviour reference for future storage and processing conditions during the encapsulation process. The encapsulation process can be conducted to fabricate a self-healing coating based on a microcapsule triggered either by air or ultra-violet (UV) radiation. MDPI AG 2021-07-28 Article PeerReviewed Mudri, Nurul Huda and Abdullah, Luqman Chuah and Min, Min Aung and Awang Biak, Dayang Radiah and Tajau, Rida (2021) Structural and rheological properties of nonedible vegetable oil-based resin. Polymers, 13 (15). art. no. 2490. pp. 1-18. ISSN 2073-4360 https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/15/2490 10.3390/polym13152490 |
| spellingShingle | Mudri, Nurul Huda Abdullah, Luqman Chuah Min, Min Aung Awang Biak, Dayang Radiah Tajau, Rida Structural and rheological properties of nonedible vegetable oil-based resin |
| title | Structural and rheological properties of nonedible vegetable oil-based resin |
| title_full | Structural and rheological properties of nonedible vegetable oil-based resin |
| title_fullStr | Structural and rheological properties of nonedible vegetable oil-based resin |
| title_full_unstemmed | Structural and rheological properties of nonedible vegetable oil-based resin |
| title_short | Structural and rheological properties of nonedible vegetable oil-based resin |
| title_sort | structural and rheological properties of nonedible vegetable oil-based resin |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/95178/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/95178/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/95178/ |