Optimization of substation grounding grid design for horizontal and vertical multilayer and uniform soil condition using Simulated Annealing method
Grounding systems are critical in safeguarding people and equipment from power system failures. A grounding system’s principal goal is to offer the lowest impedance path for undesired fault current. Optimization of the grounding grid designs is important in satisfying the minimum cost of the groun...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Published: |
Public Library of Science
2021
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/94464/ |
| _version_ | 1848862004876410880 |
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| author | Permal, Navinesshani Osman, Miszaina Mohd Ariffin, Azrul Boopalan, Navaamsini Ab Kadir, Mohd Zainal Abidin |
| author_facet | Permal, Navinesshani Osman, Miszaina Mohd Ariffin, Azrul Boopalan, Navaamsini Ab Kadir, Mohd Zainal Abidin |
| author_sort | Permal, Navinesshani |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Grounding systems are critical in safeguarding people and equipment from power system
failures. A grounding system’s principal goal is to offer the lowest impedance path for undesired fault current. Optimization of the grounding grid designs is important in satisfying the
minimum cost of the grounding system and safeguarding those people who work in the surrounding area of the grounded installations. Currently, there is no systematic guidance or
standard for grounding grid designs that include two-layer soil and its effects on grounding
grid systems, particularly vertically layered soil. Furthermore, while numerous studies have
been conducted on optimization, relatively limited study has been done on the problem of
optimizing the grounding grid in two-layer soil, particularly in vertical soil structures. This
paper presents the results of optimization for substation grounding systems using the Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithm in different soil conditions which conforms to the safety
requirements of the grounding system. Practical features of grounding grids in various soil
conditions discussed in this paper (uniform soil, two-layer horizontal soil, and two-layer vertical soil) are considered during problem formulation and solution algorithm. The proposed
algorithm’s results show that the number of grid conductors in the X and Y directions (Nx
and Ny), as well as vertical rods (Nr), can be optimized from initial numbers of 35% for uniform soil, 57% for horizontal two-layer soil for ρ1> ρ2, and 33% for horizontal two-layer soil
for ρ1< ρ2, and 29% for vertical two-layer soil structure. In other words, the proposed technique would be able to utilize square and rectangle-shaped grounding grids with a number
of grid conductors and vertical rods to be implemented in uniform, two-layer horizontal and
vertical soil structure, depending on the resistivity of the soil layer. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T13:10:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-94464 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T13:10:08Z |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-944642023-02-07T03:49:21Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/94464/ Optimization of substation grounding grid design for horizontal and vertical multilayer and uniform soil condition using Simulated Annealing method Permal, Navinesshani Osman, Miszaina Mohd Ariffin, Azrul Boopalan, Navaamsini Ab Kadir, Mohd Zainal Abidin Grounding systems are critical in safeguarding people and equipment from power system failures. A grounding system’s principal goal is to offer the lowest impedance path for undesired fault current. Optimization of the grounding grid designs is important in satisfying the minimum cost of the grounding system and safeguarding those people who work in the surrounding area of the grounded installations. Currently, there is no systematic guidance or standard for grounding grid designs that include two-layer soil and its effects on grounding grid systems, particularly vertically layered soil. Furthermore, while numerous studies have been conducted on optimization, relatively limited study has been done on the problem of optimizing the grounding grid in two-layer soil, particularly in vertical soil structures. This paper presents the results of optimization for substation grounding systems using the Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithm in different soil conditions which conforms to the safety requirements of the grounding system. Practical features of grounding grids in various soil conditions discussed in this paper (uniform soil, two-layer horizontal soil, and two-layer vertical soil) are considered during problem formulation and solution algorithm. The proposed algorithm’s results show that the number of grid conductors in the X and Y directions (Nx and Ny), as well as vertical rods (Nr), can be optimized from initial numbers of 35% for uniform soil, 57% for horizontal two-layer soil for ρ1> ρ2, and 33% for horizontal two-layer soil for ρ1< ρ2, and 29% for vertical two-layer soil structure. In other words, the proposed technique would be able to utilize square and rectangle-shaped grounding grids with a number of grid conductors and vertical rods to be implemented in uniform, two-layer horizontal and vertical soil structure, depending on the resistivity of the soil layer. Public Library of Science 2021-09-07 Article PeerReviewed Permal, Navinesshani and Osman, Miszaina and Mohd Ariffin, Azrul and Boopalan, Navaamsini and Ab Kadir, Mohd Zainal Abidin (2021) Optimization of substation grounding grid design for horizontal and vertical multilayer and uniform soil condition using Simulated Annealing method. PLoS One, 16 (9). art. no. e0256298. pp. 1-16. ISSN 1932-6203 https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0256298 10.1371/journal.pone.0256298 |
| spellingShingle | Permal, Navinesshani Osman, Miszaina Mohd Ariffin, Azrul Boopalan, Navaamsini Ab Kadir, Mohd Zainal Abidin Optimization of substation grounding grid design for horizontal and vertical multilayer and uniform soil condition using Simulated Annealing method |
| title | Optimization of substation grounding grid design for horizontal and vertical multilayer and uniform soil condition using Simulated Annealing method |
| title_full | Optimization of substation grounding grid design for horizontal and vertical multilayer and uniform soil condition using Simulated Annealing method |
| title_fullStr | Optimization of substation grounding grid design for horizontal and vertical multilayer and uniform soil condition using Simulated Annealing method |
| title_full_unstemmed | Optimization of substation grounding grid design for horizontal and vertical multilayer and uniform soil condition using Simulated Annealing method |
| title_short | Optimization of substation grounding grid design for horizontal and vertical multilayer and uniform soil condition using Simulated Annealing method |
| title_sort | optimization of substation grounding grid design for horizontal and vertical multilayer and uniform soil condition using simulated annealing method |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/94464/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/94464/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/94464/ |