Optimisation of stingless bee honey nanoemulsions using response surface methodology
Nanoemulsions (NEs) have been used in a wide range of products, such as those produced by the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries, due to their stability and long shelf life. In the present study, stingless bee honey (SBH) NEs were formulated using SBH, oleic acid, tween 80, glycerol, and...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/94448/ |
| _version_ | 1848862000172498944 |
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| author | Rozman, Azri Shahir Hashim, Norhashila Maringgal, Bernard Abdan, Khalina |
| author_facet | Rozman, Azri Shahir Hashim, Norhashila Maringgal, Bernard Abdan, Khalina |
| author_sort | Rozman, Azri Shahir |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Nanoemulsions (NEs) have been used in a wide range of products, such as those produced by the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries, due to their stability and long shelf life. In the present study, stingless bee honey (SBH) NEs were formulated using SBH, oleic acid, tween 80, glycerol, and double-distilled water. SBH NEs were prepared using a high-pressure homogeniser and were characterised by observing their stability and droplet size. Fourier Transform-Infrared (FTIR) analysis was used to observe the functional groups of the SBH NEs after being subjected to high-pressure homogenisation. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) images were then used to confirm the particle size of the SBH NEs and to investigate their morphology. The effects of the independent variables (percentage of oleic acid, storage time, and storage temperature) on the response variables (particle size and polydispersity index) were investigated using the response surface methodology, along with a three-level factorial design. The results showed that the models developed via the response surface methodology were reliable, with a coefficient of determination (R2) of more than 0.90. The experimental validation indicated an error of less than 10% in the actual results compared to the predicted results. The FTIR analysis showed that SBH NEs have the same functional group as SBH. Observation through TEM indicated that the SBH NEs had a similar particle size, which was between 10 and 100 nm. Thus, this study shows that SBH NEs can be developed using a high-pressure homogeniser, which indicates a new direction for SBH by-products. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T13:10:04Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-94448 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T13:10:04Z |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-944482022-11-25T07:57:17Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/94448/ Optimisation of stingless bee honey nanoemulsions using response surface methodology Rozman, Azri Shahir Hashim, Norhashila Maringgal, Bernard Abdan, Khalina Nanoemulsions (NEs) have been used in a wide range of products, such as those produced by the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries, due to their stability and long shelf life. In the present study, stingless bee honey (SBH) NEs were formulated using SBH, oleic acid, tween 80, glycerol, and double-distilled water. SBH NEs were prepared using a high-pressure homogeniser and were characterised by observing their stability and droplet size. Fourier Transform-Infrared (FTIR) analysis was used to observe the functional groups of the SBH NEs after being subjected to high-pressure homogenisation. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) images were then used to confirm the particle size of the SBH NEs and to investigate their morphology. The effects of the independent variables (percentage of oleic acid, storage time, and storage temperature) on the response variables (particle size and polydispersity index) were investigated using the response surface methodology, along with a three-level factorial design. The results showed that the models developed via the response surface methodology were reliable, with a coefficient of determination (R2) of more than 0.90. The experimental validation indicated an error of less than 10% in the actual results compared to the predicted results. The FTIR analysis showed that SBH NEs have the same functional group as SBH. Observation through TEM indicated that the SBH NEs had a similar particle size, which was between 10 and 100 nm. Thus, this study shows that SBH NEs can be developed using a high-pressure homogeniser, which indicates a new direction for SBH by-products. MDPI AG 2021-09 Article PeerReviewed Rozman, Azri Shahir and Hashim, Norhashila and Maringgal, Bernard and Abdan, Khalina (2021) Optimisation of stingless bee honey nanoemulsions using response surface methodology. Foods, 10 (9). art. no. 2133. pp. 1-14. ISSN 2304-8158 https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/10/9/2133/htm 10.3390/foods10092133 |
| spellingShingle | Rozman, Azri Shahir Hashim, Norhashila Maringgal, Bernard Abdan, Khalina Optimisation of stingless bee honey nanoemulsions using response surface methodology |
| title | Optimisation of stingless bee honey nanoemulsions using response surface methodology |
| title_full | Optimisation of stingless bee honey nanoemulsions using response surface methodology |
| title_fullStr | Optimisation of stingless bee honey nanoemulsions using response surface methodology |
| title_full_unstemmed | Optimisation of stingless bee honey nanoemulsions using response surface methodology |
| title_short | Optimisation of stingless bee honey nanoemulsions using response surface methodology |
| title_sort | optimisation of stingless bee honey nanoemulsions using response surface methodology |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/94448/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/94448/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/94448/ |