Microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of sulfonated TiO2-GO core–shell solid spheres as heterogeneous esterification mesoporous catalyst for biodiesel production
In accordance with the need for green production, the aim of current research is to synthesize a highly recyclable mesoporous SO3H-GO@TiO2 catalyst possessing both Brönsted and Lewis acid sites for one-pot catalyzing the esterification of inexpensive acidic feedstocks namely palm fatty acid distilla...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2021
|
| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/94193/ |
| _version_ | 1848861932175491072 |
|---|---|
| author | Soltani, Soroush Khanian, Nasrin Choong, Thomas Shean Yaw Asim, Nilofar Yue, Zhao |
| author_facet | Soltani, Soroush Khanian, Nasrin Choong, Thomas Shean Yaw Asim, Nilofar Yue, Zhao |
| author_sort | Soltani, Soroush |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | In accordance with the need for green production, the aim of current research is to synthesize a highly recyclable mesoporous SO3H-GO@TiO2 catalyst possessing both Brönsted and Lewis acid sites for one-pot catalyzing the esterification of inexpensive acidic feedstocks namely palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), containing free fatty acids (FFAs, >85 wt%) and a considerable amount of water (3 wt%). The mesoporous sulfonated GO@TiO2 catalyst was synthesized using a two-step hydrothermal microwave-assisted method featured by uniform dispersion of TiO2 nanoparticles inside the mesopore framework of GO and post-sulfonation treatment. The effect of different GO:Ti ratios (1:0.1, 1:0.3, 1:0.5, and 1:1) on textural properties were examined and therefore, the ratio of 1:1 was selected as the optimum ratio for further experiments. The mesoporous SO3H-GO@TiO2 catalyst was characterized using Raman spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and the results revealed that the as-developed catalyst possessed desirable textural properties as well as strong acidity with a combination of both Brönsted and Lewis acid sites. Furthermore, the crystalline structure of the as-prepared mesoporous GO@TiO2 material remains unaltered after the post-sulfonation treatment. In addition, the synthesized mesoporous SO3H-GO@TiO2 catalyst showed high stability for ten consecutive esterification reactions without additional treatments. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T13:08:59Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-94193 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T13:08:59Z |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-941932023-05-09T03:17:31Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/94193/ Microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of sulfonated TiO2-GO core–shell solid spheres as heterogeneous esterification mesoporous catalyst for biodiesel production Soltani, Soroush Khanian, Nasrin Choong, Thomas Shean Yaw Asim, Nilofar Yue, Zhao In accordance with the need for green production, the aim of current research is to synthesize a highly recyclable mesoporous SO3H-GO@TiO2 catalyst possessing both Brönsted and Lewis acid sites for one-pot catalyzing the esterification of inexpensive acidic feedstocks namely palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), containing free fatty acids (FFAs, >85 wt%) and a considerable amount of water (3 wt%). The mesoporous sulfonated GO@TiO2 catalyst was synthesized using a two-step hydrothermal microwave-assisted method featured by uniform dispersion of TiO2 nanoparticles inside the mesopore framework of GO and post-sulfonation treatment. The effect of different GO:Ti ratios (1:0.1, 1:0.3, 1:0.5, and 1:1) on textural properties were examined and therefore, the ratio of 1:1 was selected as the optimum ratio for further experiments. The mesoporous SO3H-GO@TiO2 catalyst was characterized using Raman spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and the results revealed that the as-developed catalyst possessed desirable textural properties as well as strong acidity with a combination of both Brönsted and Lewis acid sites. Furthermore, the crystalline structure of the as-prepared mesoporous GO@TiO2 material remains unaltered after the post-sulfonation treatment. In addition, the synthesized mesoporous SO3H-GO@TiO2 catalyst showed high stability for ten consecutive esterification reactions without additional treatments. Elsevier 2021-06-15 Article PeerReviewed Soltani, Soroush and Khanian, Nasrin and Choong, Thomas Shean Yaw and Asim, Nilofar and Yue, Zhao (2021) Microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of sulfonated TiO2-GO core–shell solid spheres as heterogeneous esterification mesoporous catalyst for biodiesel production. Energy Conversion and Management, 238. art. no. 114165. pp. 1-10. ISSN 0196-8904 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196890421003411 10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114165 |
| spellingShingle | Soltani, Soroush Khanian, Nasrin Choong, Thomas Shean Yaw Asim, Nilofar Yue, Zhao Microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of sulfonated TiO2-GO core–shell solid spheres as heterogeneous esterification mesoporous catalyst for biodiesel production |
| title | Microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of sulfonated TiO2-GO core–shell solid spheres as heterogeneous esterification mesoporous catalyst for biodiesel production |
| title_full | Microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of sulfonated TiO2-GO core–shell solid spheres as heterogeneous esterification mesoporous catalyst for biodiesel production |
| title_fullStr | Microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of sulfonated TiO2-GO core–shell solid spheres as heterogeneous esterification mesoporous catalyst for biodiesel production |
| title_full_unstemmed | Microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of sulfonated TiO2-GO core–shell solid spheres as heterogeneous esterification mesoporous catalyst for biodiesel production |
| title_short | Microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of sulfonated TiO2-GO core–shell solid spheres as heterogeneous esterification mesoporous catalyst for biodiesel production |
| title_sort | microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of sulfonated tio2-go core–shell solid spheres as heterogeneous esterification mesoporous catalyst for biodiesel production |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/94193/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/94193/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/94193/ |