In vivo toxicity evaluation of sugar adulterated heterotrigona itama honey using zebrafish model
Honey is prone to be adulterated through mixing with sugars, cheap and low-quality honey, and other adulterants. Consumption of adulterated honey may cause several health issues such as weight gain, diabetes, and liver and kidney dysfunction. Therefore, studying the impact of consumption of adultera...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/93915/ |
| _version_ | 1848861879339843584 |
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| author | Fakhlaei, Rafieh Selamat, Jinap Abdull Razis, Ahmad Faizal Sukor, Rashidah Ahmad, Syahida Babadi, Arman Amani Khatib, Alfi |
| author_facet | Fakhlaei, Rafieh Selamat, Jinap Abdull Razis, Ahmad Faizal Sukor, Rashidah Ahmad, Syahida Babadi, Arman Amani Khatib, Alfi |
| author_sort | Fakhlaei, Rafieh |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Honey is prone to be adulterated through mixing with sugars, cheap and low-quality honey, and other adulterants. Consumption of adulterated honey may cause several health issues such as weight gain, diabetes, and liver and kidney dysfunction. Therefore, studying the impact of consumption of adulterated honey on consumers is critical since there is a lack of study in this field. Hence, the aims of this paper were: (1) to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) of adulterated honey using zebrafish embryo, (2) to elucidate toxicology of selected adulterated honey based on lethal dose (LD50) using adult zebrafish, (3) to determine the effects of adulterated honey on histological changes of zebrafish, and (4) to screen the metabolites profile of adulterated honey by using zebrafish blood serum. The LC50 of Heterotrigona itama honey (acacia honey) and its sugar adulterants (light corn sugar, cane sugar, inverted sugar, and palm sugar in the proportion of 1–3% (w/w) from the total volume) was determined by the toxicological assessment of honey samples on zebrafish embryos (different exposure concentrations in 24, 48, 72, and 96 h postfertilization (hpf)). Pure H. itama honey represents the LC50 of 34.40 ± 1.84 (mg/mL) at 96 hpf, while the inverted sugar represents the lowest LC50 (5.03 ± 0.92 mg/mL) among sugar adulterants. The highest concentration (3%) of sugar adulterants were used to study the toxicology of adulterated honey using adult zebrafish in terms of acute, prolong-acute, and sub-acute tests. The results of the LD50 from the sub-acute toxicity test of pure H. itama honey was 2.33 ± 0.24 (mg/mL). The histological studies of internal organs showed a lesion in the liver, kidney, and spleen of adulterated treated-honey groups compared to the control group. Furthermore, the LC-MS/MS results revealed three endogenous metabolites in both the pure and adulterated honey treated groups, as follows: (1) S-Cysteinosuccinic acid, (2) 2,3-Diphosphoglyceric acid, and (3) Cysteinyl-Tyrosine. The results of this study demonstrated that adulterated honey caused mortality, which contributes to higher toxicity, and also suggested that the zebrafish toxicity test could be a standard method for assessing the potential toxicity of other hazardous food additives. The information gained from this research will permit an evaluation of the potential risk associated with the consumption of adulterated compared to pure honey. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T13:08:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-93915 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T13:08:08Z |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-939152023-04-12T04:18:44Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/93915/ In vivo toxicity evaluation of sugar adulterated heterotrigona itama honey using zebrafish model Fakhlaei, Rafieh Selamat, Jinap Abdull Razis, Ahmad Faizal Sukor, Rashidah Ahmad, Syahida Babadi, Arman Amani Khatib, Alfi Honey is prone to be adulterated through mixing with sugars, cheap and low-quality honey, and other adulterants. Consumption of adulterated honey may cause several health issues such as weight gain, diabetes, and liver and kidney dysfunction. Therefore, studying the impact of consumption of adulterated honey on consumers is critical since there is a lack of study in this field. Hence, the aims of this paper were: (1) to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) of adulterated honey using zebrafish embryo, (2) to elucidate toxicology of selected adulterated honey based on lethal dose (LD50) using adult zebrafish, (3) to determine the effects of adulterated honey on histological changes of zebrafish, and (4) to screen the metabolites profile of adulterated honey by using zebrafish blood serum. The LC50 of Heterotrigona itama honey (acacia honey) and its sugar adulterants (light corn sugar, cane sugar, inverted sugar, and palm sugar in the proportion of 1–3% (w/w) from the total volume) was determined by the toxicological assessment of honey samples on zebrafish embryos (different exposure concentrations in 24, 48, 72, and 96 h postfertilization (hpf)). Pure H. itama honey represents the LC50 of 34.40 ± 1.84 (mg/mL) at 96 hpf, while the inverted sugar represents the lowest LC50 (5.03 ± 0.92 mg/mL) among sugar adulterants. The highest concentration (3%) of sugar adulterants were used to study the toxicology of adulterated honey using adult zebrafish in terms of acute, prolong-acute, and sub-acute tests. The results of the LD50 from the sub-acute toxicity test of pure H. itama honey was 2.33 ± 0.24 (mg/mL). The histological studies of internal organs showed a lesion in the liver, kidney, and spleen of adulterated treated-honey groups compared to the control group. Furthermore, the LC-MS/MS results revealed three endogenous metabolites in both the pure and adulterated honey treated groups, as follows: (1) S-Cysteinosuccinic acid, (2) 2,3-Diphosphoglyceric acid, and (3) Cysteinyl-Tyrosine. The results of this study demonstrated that adulterated honey caused mortality, which contributes to higher toxicity, and also suggested that the zebrafish toxicity test could be a standard method for assessing the potential toxicity of other hazardous food additives. The information gained from this research will permit an evaluation of the potential risk associated with the consumption of adulterated compared to pure honey. MDPI AG 2021 Article PeerReviewed Fakhlaei, Rafieh and Selamat, Jinap and Abdull Razis, Ahmad Faizal and Sukor, Rashidah and Ahmad, Syahida and Babadi, Arman Amani and Khatib, Alfi (2021) In vivo toxicity evaluation of sugar adulterated heterotrigona itama honey using zebrafish model. Molecules, 26 (20). art. no. 6222. pp. 1-20. ISSN 1431-5165; ESSN: 1420-3049 https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/20/6222 10.3390/molecules26206222 |
| spellingShingle | Fakhlaei, Rafieh Selamat, Jinap Abdull Razis, Ahmad Faizal Sukor, Rashidah Ahmad, Syahida Babadi, Arman Amani Khatib, Alfi In vivo toxicity evaluation of sugar adulterated heterotrigona itama honey using zebrafish model |
| title | In vivo toxicity evaluation of sugar adulterated heterotrigona itama honey using zebrafish model |
| title_full | In vivo toxicity evaluation of sugar adulterated heterotrigona itama honey using zebrafish model |
| title_fullStr | In vivo toxicity evaluation of sugar adulterated heterotrigona itama honey using zebrafish model |
| title_full_unstemmed | In vivo toxicity evaluation of sugar adulterated heterotrigona itama honey using zebrafish model |
| title_short | In vivo toxicity evaluation of sugar adulterated heterotrigona itama honey using zebrafish model |
| title_sort | in vivo toxicity evaluation of sugar adulterated heterotrigona itama honey using zebrafish model |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/93915/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/93915/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/93915/ |