Variation of deoxynivalenol levels in corn and its products available in retail markets of Punjab, Pakistan and estimation of risk assessment
This study investigated the natural incidence of deoxynivalenol (DON) in corn and corn products from corn-producing districts of Punjab, Pakistan. The analysis was carried out using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detector and immunoaffinity cleanup columns. The detection limit...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021
|
| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/93536/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/93536/1/93536.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848861865674801152 |
|---|---|
| author | Iqbal, Shahzad Zafar Abdull Razis, Ahmad Faizal Usman, Sunusi Ali, Nada Basheir Asi, Muhammad Rafique |
| author_facet | Iqbal, Shahzad Zafar Abdull Razis, Ahmad Faizal Usman, Sunusi Ali, Nada Basheir Asi, Muhammad Rafique |
| author_sort | Iqbal, Shahzad Zafar |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | This study investigated the natural incidence of deoxynivalenol (DON) in corn and corn products from corn-producing districts of Punjab, Pakistan. The analysis was carried out using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detector and immunoaffinity cleanup columns. The detection limit (LOD) and limit of quantification were 25 and 50 µg/kg, respectively. A total of 1220 samples of corn and corn products were analyzed to detect DON, and 539 (44.2%) samples were observed to be contaminated with DON (n ≥ LOD). Furthermore, 92 (7.5%) samples of corn and corn products had DON levels that were higher than the proposed limits of the EU. The data are significantly different from a normal distribution of DON in samples of corn and corn products from different locations (p < 0.05) for Shapiro–Wilk and Kolmogorov–Smirnov values. However, a significant difference in DON levels was found between corn and corn-derived products (p ≤ 0.05). The lowest and highest exposures, and hazard quotient (HQ) values of 0.92 and 9.68 µg/kg bw/day, were documented in corn flour samples. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T13:07:55Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-93536 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T13:07:55Z |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-935362025-02-10T06:34:31Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/93536/ Variation of deoxynivalenol levels in corn and its products available in retail markets of Punjab, Pakistan and estimation of risk assessment Iqbal, Shahzad Zafar Abdull Razis, Ahmad Faizal Usman, Sunusi Ali, Nada Basheir Asi, Muhammad Rafique This study investigated the natural incidence of deoxynivalenol (DON) in corn and corn products from corn-producing districts of Punjab, Pakistan. The analysis was carried out using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detector and immunoaffinity cleanup columns. The detection limit (LOD) and limit of quantification were 25 and 50 µg/kg, respectively. A total of 1220 samples of corn and corn products were analyzed to detect DON, and 539 (44.2%) samples were observed to be contaminated with DON (n ≥ LOD). Furthermore, 92 (7.5%) samples of corn and corn products had DON levels that were higher than the proposed limits of the EU. The data are significantly different from a normal distribution of DON in samples of corn and corn products from different locations (p < 0.05) for Shapiro–Wilk and Kolmogorov–Smirnov values. However, a significant difference in DON levels was found between corn and corn-derived products (p ≤ 0.05). The lowest and highest exposures, and hazard quotient (HQ) values of 0.92 and 9.68 µg/kg bw/day, were documented in corn flour samples. MDPI AG 2021-04 Article PeerReviewed text en cc_by_4 http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/93536/1/93536.pdf Iqbal, Shahzad Zafar and Abdull Razis, Ahmad Faizal and Usman, Sunusi and Ali, Nada Basheir and Asi, Muhammad Rafique (2021) Variation of deoxynivalenol levels in corn and its products available in retail markets of Punjab, Pakistan and estimation of risk assessment. Toxins, 13 (5). art. no. 296. ISSN 2072-6651; eISSN: 2072-6651 https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/5/296 10.3390/toxins13050296 |
| spellingShingle | Iqbal, Shahzad Zafar Abdull Razis, Ahmad Faizal Usman, Sunusi Ali, Nada Basheir Asi, Muhammad Rafique Variation of deoxynivalenol levels in corn and its products available in retail markets of Punjab, Pakistan and estimation of risk assessment |
| title | Variation of deoxynivalenol levels in corn and its products available in retail markets of Punjab, Pakistan and estimation of risk assessment |
| title_full | Variation of deoxynivalenol levels in corn and its products available in retail markets of Punjab, Pakistan and estimation of risk assessment |
| title_fullStr | Variation of deoxynivalenol levels in corn and its products available in retail markets of Punjab, Pakistan and estimation of risk assessment |
| title_full_unstemmed | Variation of deoxynivalenol levels in corn and its products available in retail markets of Punjab, Pakistan and estimation of risk assessment |
| title_short | Variation of deoxynivalenol levels in corn and its products available in retail markets of Punjab, Pakistan and estimation of risk assessment |
| title_sort | variation of deoxynivalenol levels in corn and its products available in retail markets of punjab, pakistan and estimation of risk assessment |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/93536/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/93536/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/93536/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/93536/1/93536.pdf |