Booster biocides levels in the major blood cockle (Tegillarca granosa L., 1758) cultivation areas along the coastal area of Peninsular Malaysia
Booster biocides have been rapidly growing in use, mainly in the shipping industry and in agricultural activities. The use of booster biocides is known to cause adverse effects on marine ecosystems, such as by inhibiting the photosynthesis process in marine plants, and they have the potential to acc...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
2020
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/88053/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/88053/1/ABSTRACT.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848860545880424448 |
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| author | Mukhtar, Aqilah Zulkifli, Syaizwan Zahmir Mohamat Yusuff, Ferdius @ Ferdaus Harino, Hiroya Azmai, Mohammad Noor Amal Ismail, Ahmad |
| author_facet | Mukhtar, Aqilah Zulkifli, Syaizwan Zahmir Mohamat Yusuff, Ferdius @ Ferdaus Harino, Hiroya Azmai, Mohammad Noor Amal Ismail, Ahmad |
| author_sort | Mukhtar, Aqilah |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Booster biocides have been rapidly growing in use, mainly in the shipping industry and in agricultural activities. The use of booster biocides is known to cause adverse effects on marine ecosystems, such as by inhibiting the photosynthesis process in marine plants, and they have the potential to accumulate in marine organisms. In the present study, booster biocides of Irgarol 1051, diuron, 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA) and chlorothalonil were measured in the major blood cockle (Tegillarca granosa) cultivation areas along the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The highest Irgarol 1051 mean was found in the blood cockle with a value of 98.92 ± 13.65 µg/kg in Kapar, Selangor, while the means of diuron and its metabolites and 3,4-DCA showed the highest values of 40.31 ± 7.61 and 41.42 ± 21.58 µg/kg in Kapar, Selangor and Sungai Ayam, Johor, respectively. Sungai Ayam, Johor also exhibited the highest amount of chlorothalonil of 29.76 ± 8.80 µg/kg. By referring to sediment quality guidelines, about 72% and more than 90% of sediment samples exceeded the environmental risk limits (ERLs) and maximum permissible concentration (MPC) for Irgarol 1051 and diuron, respectively. However, referring to the risk characterization ratio (RCR), none of the blood cockle samples exceeded 1, which means that there is no potential for adverse effects to occur. Thus, the contaminants in the marine ecosystem caused by booster biocides are highlighted as a serious issue, mainly in sediment. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T12:46:57Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-88053 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T12:46:57Z |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publisher | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-880532022-05-24T04:06:37Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/88053/ Booster biocides levels in the major blood cockle (Tegillarca granosa L., 1758) cultivation areas along the coastal area of Peninsular Malaysia Mukhtar, Aqilah Zulkifli, Syaizwan Zahmir Mohamat Yusuff, Ferdius @ Ferdaus Harino, Hiroya Azmai, Mohammad Noor Amal Ismail, Ahmad Booster biocides have been rapidly growing in use, mainly in the shipping industry and in agricultural activities. The use of booster biocides is known to cause adverse effects on marine ecosystems, such as by inhibiting the photosynthesis process in marine plants, and they have the potential to accumulate in marine organisms. In the present study, booster biocides of Irgarol 1051, diuron, 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA) and chlorothalonil were measured in the major blood cockle (Tegillarca granosa) cultivation areas along the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The highest Irgarol 1051 mean was found in the blood cockle with a value of 98.92 ± 13.65 µg/kg in Kapar, Selangor, while the means of diuron and its metabolites and 3,4-DCA showed the highest values of 40.31 ± 7.61 and 41.42 ± 21.58 µg/kg in Kapar, Selangor and Sungai Ayam, Johor, respectively. Sungai Ayam, Johor also exhibited the highest amount of chlorothalonil of 29.76 ± 8.80 µg/kg. By referring to sediment quality guidelines, about 72% and more than 90% of sediment samples exceeded the environmental risk limits (ERLs) and maximum permissible concentration (MPC) for Irgarol 1051 and diuron, respectively. However, referring to the risk characterization ratio (RCR), none of the blood cockle samples exceeded 1, which means that there is no potential for adverse effects to occur. Thus, the contaminants in the marine ecosystem caused by booster biocides are highlighted as a serious issue, mainly in sediment. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute 2020 Article PeerReviewed text en http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/88053/1/ABSTRACT.pdf Mukhtar, Aqilah and Zulkifli, Syaizwan Zahmir and Mohamat Yusuff, Ferdius @ Ferdaus and Harino, Hiroya and Azmai, Mohammad Noor Amal and Ismail, Ahmad (2020) Booster biocides levels in the major blood cockle (Tegillarca granosa L., 1758) cultivation areas along the coastal area of Peninsular Malaysia. Water, 12 (6). pp. 1-19. ISSN 2073-4441 https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/6/1616 10.3390/w12061616 |
| spellingShingle | Mukhtar, Aqilah Zulkifli, Syaizwan Zahmir Mohamat Yusuff, Ferdius @ Ferdaus Harino, Hiroya Azmai, Mohammad Noor Amal Ismail, Ahmad Booster biocides levels in the major blood cockle (Tegillarca granosa L., 1758) cultivation areas along the coastal area of Peninsular Malaysia |
| title | Booster biocides levels in the major blood cockle (Tegillarca granosa L., 1758) cultivation areas along the coastal area of Peninsular Malaysia |
| title_full | Booster biocides levels in the major blood cockle (Tegillarca granosa L., 1758) cultivation areas along the coastal area of Peninsular Malaysia |
| title_fullStr | Booster biocides levels in the major blood cockle (Tegillarca granosa L., 1758) cultivation areas along the coastal area of Peninsular Malaysia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Booster biocides levels in the major blood cockle (Tegillarca granosa L., 1758) cultivation areas along the coastal area of Peninsular Malaysia |
| title_short | Booster biocides levels in the major blood cockle (Tegillarca granosa L., 1758) cultivation areas along the coastal area of Peninsular Malaysia |
| title_sort | booster biocides levels in the major blood cockle (tegillarca granosa l., 1758) cultivation areas along the coastal area of peninsular malaysia |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/88053/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/88053/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/88053/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/88053/1/ABSTRACT.pdf |