Biocompatible nutmeg oil-loaded nanoemulsion as phyto-repellent
Plant essential oils are widely used in perfumes and insect repellent products. However, due to the high volatility of the constituents in essential oils, their efficacy as a repellent product is less effective than that of synthetic compounds. Using a nanoemulsion as a carrier is one way to overcom...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media
2020
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/88026/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/88026/1/ABSTRACT.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848860540188753920 |
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| author | Mohd Narawi, Masturah Hock, Ing Chiu Yong, Yoke Keong Mohamad Zain, Nur Nadhirah Ramachandran, Muggundha Raoov Tham, Chau Ling Samsurrijal, Siti Fatimah Lim, Vuanghao |
| author_facet | Mohd Narawi, Masturah Hock, Ing Chiu Yong, Yoke Keong Mohamad Zain, Nur Nadhirah Ramachandran, Muggundha Raoov Tham, Chau Ling Samsurrijal, Siti Fatimah Lim, Vuanghao |
| author_sort | Mohd Narawi, Masturah |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Plant essential oils are widely used in perfumes and insect repellent products. However, due to the high volatility of the constituents in essential oils, their efficacy as a repellent product is less effective than that of synthetic compounds. Using a nanoemulsion as a carrier is one way to overcome this disadvantage of essential oils. Nutmeg oil-loaded nanoemulsion (NT) was prepared using a high speed homogenizer and sonicator with varying amounts of surfactant, glycerol, and distilled water. Using a phase diagram, different formulations were tested for their droplet size and insect repellent activity. The nanoemulsion containing 6.25% surfactant and 91.25% glycerol (NT 6) had the highest percentage of protection (87.81%) in terms of repellent activity among the formulations tested for the 8 h duration of the experiment. The droplet size of NT 6 was 217.4 nm, and its polydispersity index (PDI) was 0.248. The zeta potential value was -44.2 mV, and the viscosity was 2.49 Pa.s at pH 5.6. The in vitro release profile was 71.5%. When the cytotoxicity of NT 6 at 400 μg/mL was tested using the MTS assay, cell viability was 97.38%. Physical appearance and stability of the nanoemulsion improved with the addition of glycerol as a co-solvent. In summary, a nutmeg oil-loaded nanoemulsion was successfully formulated and its controlled release of the essential oil showed mosquito repellent activity, thus eliminating the disadvantages of essential oils. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T12:46:51Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-88026 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T12:46:51Z |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-880262022-05-24T04:48:56Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/88026/ Biocompatible nutmeg oil-loaded nanoemulsion as phyto-repellent Mohd Narawi, Masturah Hock, Ing Chiu Yong, Yoke Keong Mohamad Zain, Nur Nadhirah Ramachandran, Muggundha Raoov Tham, Chau Ling Samsurrijal, Siti Fatimah Lim, Vuanghao Plant essential oils are widely used in perfumes and insect repellent products. However, due to the high volatility of the constituents in essential oils, their efficacy as a repellent product is less effective than that of synthetic compounds. Using a nanoemulsion as a carrier is one way to overcome this disadvantage of essential oils. Nutmeg oil-loaded nanoemulsion (NT) was prepared using a high speed homogenizer and sonicator with varying amounts of surfactant, glycerol, and distilled water. Using a phase diagram, different formulations were tested for their droplet size and insect repellent activity. The nanoemulsion containing 6.25% surfactant and 91.25% glycerol (NT 6) had the highest percentage of protection (87.81%) in terms of repellent activity among the formulations tested for the 8 h duration of the experiment. The droplet size of NT 6 was 217.4 nm, and its polydispersity index (PDI) was 0.248. The zeta potential value was -44.2 mV, and the viscosity was 2.49 Pa.s at pH 5.6. The in vitro release profile was 71.5%. When the cytotoxicity of NT 6 at 400 μg/mL was tested using the MTS assay, cell viability was 97.38%. Physical appearance and stability of the nanoemulsion improved with the addition of glycerol as a co-solvent. In summary, a nutmeg oil-loaded nanoemulsion was successfully formulated and its controlled release of the essential oil showed mosquito repellent activity, thus eliminating the disadvantages of essential oils. Frontiers Media 2020 Article PeerReviewed text en http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/88026/1/ABSTRACT.pdf Mohd Narawi, Masturah and Hock, Ing Chiu and Yong, Yoke Keong and Mohamad Zain, Nur Nadhirah and Ramachandran, Muggundha Raoov and Tham, Chau Ling and Samsurrijal, Siti Fatimah and Lim, Vuanghao (2020) Biocompatible nutmeg oil-loaded nanoemulsion as phyto-repellent. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 11. art. no. 214. pp. 1-15. ISSN 1663-9812 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2020.00214/full 10.3389/fphar.2020.00214 |
| spellingShingle | Mohd Narawi, Masturah Hock, Ing Chiu Yong, Yoke Keong Mohamad Zain, Nur Nadhirah Ramachandran, Muggundha Raoov Tham, Chau Ling Samsurrijal, Siti Fatimah Lim, Vuanghao Biocompatible nutmeg oil-loaded nanoemulsion as phyto-repellent |
| title | Biocompatible nutmeg oil-loaded nanoemulsion as phyto-repellent |
| title_full | Biocompatible nutmeg oil-loaded nanoemulsion as phyto-repellent |
| title_fullStr | Biocompatible nutmeg oil-loaded nanoemulsion as phyto-repellent |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biocompatible nutmeg oil-loaded nanoemulsion as phyto-repellent |
| title_short | Biocompatible nutmeg oil-loaded nanoemulsion as phyto-repellent |
| title_sort | biocompatible nutmeg oil-loaded nanoemulsion as phyto-repellent |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/88026/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/88026/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/88026/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/88026/1/ABSTRACT.pdf |